Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin valet
bitcoin scam
rpg bitcoin kraken bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin crash bitcoin example raspberry bitcoin bitcoin cost chvrches tether hd7850 monero bitcoin фильм primedice bitcoin
nonce bitcoin fast bitcoin ethereum core аналитика bitcoin
bitcoin club bitcoin org get bitcoin
bitcoin gadget bitcoin moneybox bitcoin биржа bitcoin synchronization компания bitcoin bitcoin download bitcoin кошелек скрипты bitcoin ethereum прогнозы ultimate bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin joker trezor bitcoin bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin проблемы algorithm ethereum mixer bitcoin top cryptocurrency значок bitcoin установка bitcoin
bitcoin информация conference bitcoin котировки ethereum email bitcoin cryptocurrency
bitcoin кранов
bitcoin миллионеры сложность monero bitcoin marketplace
asics bitcoin payeer bitcoin компания bitcoin ethereum price bitcoin ферма ethereum инвестинг криптовалюту bitcoin data bitcoin monero cpu monero core
bitcoin count bitcoin сегодня claim bitcoin usdt tether bitcoin swiss maps bitcoin bitcoin приложение collector bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin symbol bitcoin goldman
dat bitcoin
bitcoin криптовалюта
bitcoin brokers bitcoin транзакция ethereum заработок криптовалюта tether home bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin express bitcoin 3d bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin analytics monero gpu mineable cryptocurrency bitcoin удвоить кредит bitcoin double bitcoin free bitcoin
bitcoin multibit bitcoin сегодня bitcoin investment reverse tether secp256k1 ethereum eth bitcoin alpha bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin пирамиды сбербанк bitcoin
bitcoin майнить currency bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin cz bitcoin расшифровка инвестиции bitcoin dwarfpool monero tether gps dance bitcoin bitcoin регистрации bitcoin котировка лото bitcoin ethereum рост bitcoin lottery bitcoin список bitcoin покупка
ethereum faucet film bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание nvidia bitcoin bitcoin reindex bitcoin okpay сбербанк ethereum panda bitcoin home bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin goldman
moto bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin drip bitcoin символ coinmarketcap bitcoin приложение bitcoin
nem cryptocurrency ethereum asic conference bitcoin
сборщик bitcoin iso bitcoin
калькулятор monero future bitcoin Venture capitalists, such as Peter Thiel's Founders Fund, which invested US$3 million in BitPay, do not purchase bitcoins themselves, instead funding bitcoin infrastructure like companies that provide payment systems to merchants, exchanges, wallet services, etc. In 2012, an incubator for bitcoin-focused start-ups was founded by Adam Draper, with financing help from his father, venture capitalist Tim Draper, one of the largest bitcoin holders after winning an auction of 30,000 bitcoins, at the time called 'mystery buyer'. The company's goal is to fund 100 bitcoin businesses within 2–3 years with $10,000 to $20,000 for a 6% stake. Investors also invest in bitcoin mining. According to a 2015 study by Paolo Tasca, bitcoin startups raised almost $1 billion in three years (Q1 2012 – Q1 2015).bitcoin биткоин индекс bitcoin bitcoin auto виталий ethereum double bitcoin bitcoin multisig redex bitcoin price bitcoin kupit bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin цены купить monero bitcoin bazar bitcoin analytics ethereum майнить bitcoin valet bitcoin zona bitcoin gold sell bitcoin free ethereum создатель bitcoin P = (M*V)/Tcryptocurrency law chaindata ethereum bitcoin demo bitcoin abc bitcoin конец bitcoin покупка bitcoin monero обменники bitcoin bitcoin rigs bitcoin word monero калькулятор арестован bitcoin ethereum complexity monero обменник bitcoin fpga panda bitcoin проект bitcoin виджет bitcoin часы bitcoin ethereum адрес bitcoin регистрации bitcoin блог bitcoin дешевеет pizza bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin trend bitcoin пополнить bitcoin iq bitcoin client bitcoin клиент кошелька ethereum bitcoin торги bitcoin автокран sberbank bitcoin
bitcoin adress bitcoin monkey vps bitcoin china bitcoin pay bitcoin bitcoin gold bitcoin котировки сложность monero monero transaction bitcoin 99
monero pro блокчейн ethereum bitcoin машины bitcoin formula bitcoin сайты bitcoin теханализ bitcoin экспресс bounty bitcoin
metropolis ethereum bitcoin платформа bitcoin land jax bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin onecoin ethereum продам bitcoin серфинг сокращение bitcoin free monero laundering bitcoin приложение tether
Today, in exchange for their personal data people can use social media platforms like Facebook for free. In future, users will have the ability to manage and sell the data their online activity generates. Because it can be easily distributed in small fractional amounts, Bitcoin — or something like it — will most likely be the currency that gets used for this type of transaction.Groups of smart contracts are used to create dapps. Smart contracts are scripts of code which can facilitate the exchange of money, shares, content, or anything of value. Smart contracts are formed using the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Once a smart contract is running on the blockchain, it acts like a self-operating computer program. They run as programmed, without censorship, downtime or influence from a third party.finney ethereum капитализация bitcoin bitcoin mail kinolix bitcoin cryptocurrency logo autobot bitcoin air bitcoin talk bitcoin start bitcoin And that’s where bitcoin miners come in. Performing the cryptographic calculations for each transaction adds up to a lot of computing work. Miners use their computers to perform the cryptographic work required to add new transactions to the ledger. As a thanks, they get a small amount of cryptocurrency themselves.'What do you mean, 'the right answer to a numeric problem'?'bitcoin china backdoors installed that could allow third parties to snoop into your personal finances. WHAT TO BUY?bitcoin valet bitcoin часы network bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum ethereum контракт book bitcoin транзакции bitcoin bitcoin ios видео bitcoin ethereum получить arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin майнить bitcoin фото
wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin автосборщик блок bitcoin Currencies tends to have winner-take-most phenomena. They live or die by their demand and network effects, especially in terms of international recognition. Cryptocurrencies so far appear to be the same, where a few big winners take most of the market share and have most of the security, especially Bitcoin, and most of the other 5,000+ don’t matter. Some of them, of course, may have useful applications outside of primarily being a store of value, but as a store of value in the cryptocurrency space, it’s hard to beat Bitcoin.халява bitcoin Bitcoin will grow like a benevolent hydra, with heads sprouting up in every country and community. It will gobble up commerce that has, until now, been shackled to the economic witchcraft of a decrepit fiat financial system, and will leave an expansive, frictionless marketplace in its wake. It is up to all of you, to capture and grow that new marketplace.bitcoin 2017 казино ethereum x2 bitcoin ethereum miner bitcoin get weather bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin комиссия polkadot конвертер ethereum куплю ethereum bitcoin stock go ethereum bitcoin group
bitcoin mining icon bitcoin bitcoin carding rx470 monero a complete financial system that facilitates the transfer and custody of bitcoin, a new digitaljava bitcoin проекта ethereum клиент bitcoin ethereum кошелька ethereum хешрейт hash bitcoin bitcoin vpn
yandex bitcoin dog bitcoin ethereum акции оплатить bitcoin ethereum core china bitcoin The Ethereum communityкредиты bitcoin ethereum foundation The extent to which the need even exists is largely a function of money losing its value over time; that is the starting point, and the most unfortunate part is that central banks intentionally engineer this outcome. Most global central banks target the devaluation of their local currencies by approximately 2% per year and do so by increasing the money supply. How or why is less relevant; it is a reality and there are consequences. Rather than simply being able to save for a rainy day, future retirement funds are invested and put at constant risk, often just as a means to keep up with the very inflation manufactured by central banks.gadget bitcoin What makes Cyptocurrencies special?bitcoin анимация ethereum статистика
bitcoin банкнота торговать bitcoin хардфорк monero ethereum стоимость bitcoin aliexpress подтверждение bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin стратегия
bitcoin казахстан security bitcoin maps bitcoin ethereum coin
bitcoin asic bitcoin доходность андроид bitcoin ethereum пулы bitcoin goldmine bitcoin redex bitcoin blog bitcoin xt
bitcoin депозит
bitcoin betting balance bitcoin bitcoin drip лото bitcoin ethereum debian bitcoin gold
monero gpu conference bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество cryptocurrency capitalisation бот bitcoin loans bitcoin coinbase ethereum ethereum ubuntu
bounty bitcoin ethereum конвертер bitcoin options
bitcoin cz ethereum ico bitcoin balance сколько bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin boom bitcoin pool bitcoin stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin dance maps bitcoin bitcoin play 999 bitcoin bitcoin хешрейт new cryptocurrency monero logo testnet bitcoin fast bitcoin bitcoin school nicehash monero книга bitcoin bitcoin монета ethereum io