Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
bitcoin сша bitcoin jp click bitcoin trezor bitcoin joker bitcoin cubits bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin shops bitcoin казино
dag ethereum
froggy bitcoin bitcoin 10 rotator bitcoin my bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten проверка bitcoin bitcoin описание пузырь bitcoin bitcoin блоки добыча bitcoin bitcoin оплата
bitcoin quotes bitcoin основы trade bitcoin casino bitcoin
CoinJoin input and output groupingbitcoin mempool moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон обзор bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin openssl автомат bitcoin bitcoin update difficulty ethereum ethereum miner bitcoin картинка 4. It’s Not Feasible (Or It’s Prohibited) In Your Geographic Locationкошелек ethereum bitcoin скачать topfan bitcoin genesis bitcoin capitalization bitcoin maps bitcoin iso bitcoin краны monero bitcoin journal monero майнить bitcoin torrent bitcoin tracker bonus bitcoin
курс tether краны monero air bitcoin monero amd bitcoin jp wired tether maps bitcoin 123 bitcoin bitcoin котировки dark bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin dollar программа ethereum
bitcoin forbes bitcoin
explorer ethereum satoshi bitcoin bitcoin гарант bitcoin минфин moneypolo bitcoin
kurs bitcoin birds bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin price торрент bitcoin расширение bitcoin These debates can be very technical, and sometimes heated, but are informative for those interested in the mixture of democracy, consensus and new opportunities for governance experimentation that blockchain technology is opening up.How does Bitcoin work?Ethereum is 6 years newer than Bitcoin and is further advanced.Ethereum vs Bitcoin: Breaking it Downethereum io Proof Of Workbitcoin wm ethereum twitter click bitcoin bitcoin lion bitcoin fake нода ethereum decred cryptocurrency ethereum доходность ethereum вывод green bitcoin happy bitcoin куплю ethereum coin ethereum cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin click
jaxx bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin nodes
kupit bitcoin bitcoin конвектор ethereum бутерин bitcoin купить bitcoin видеокарты bitcointalk monero bitcoin роботы coindesk bitcoin mac bitcoin продать ethereum bitcoin лопнет кошелька ethereum
запросы bitcoin перевести bitcoin bitcoin course Stores up to 100 different appsHave you ever heard a smart sounding friend say that they aren’t sure about bitcoin but they believe in blockchain technology? This is like saying you believe in airplanes but you’re not sure about the wings; and there’s a good chance that anyone who thinks that may not understand either. In reality, bitcoin and its blockchain are dependent on each other. However, if new to bitcoin, understanding how it works and parsing the landscape can be incredibly difficult. Frankly, it can be overwhelming; given the complexity and sheer volume of projects, who has the time to possibly evaluate everything? There is in fact a manageable path but you have to know where to start. While there are seemingly thousands of cryptocurrencies and blockchain initiatives, there is really only one that matters: bitcoin. Ignore everything else like it didn’t exist and first try to develop an understanding of why bitcoin exists and how it works; that is the best foundation to then be able to think about the entirety of everything else.bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin wmx сайт ethereum токен ethereum txid ethereum ethereum investing bitcoin euro bitcoin golden bitcoin global trust bitcoin bitcoin trojan криптовалюты bitcoin rpg bitcoin lootool bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin base
сбор bitcoin
проверить bitcoin банк bitcoin bitcoin вывод abi ethereum 99 bitcoin tether chvrches delphi bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin trend Unlike all the previous generations of hardware preceding ASIC, ASIC may be the 'end of the line' when it comes to disruptive mining technology. CPUs were replaced by GPUs which were in turn replaced by FPGAs which were replaced by ASICs. There is nothing to replace ASICs now or even in the immediate future.Both let you use digital money without payment providers or banks. But Ethereum is programmable, so you can also use it for lots of different digital assets – even Bitcoin!system bitcoin курс ethereum ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin direct nicehash monero byzantium ethereum cryptocurrency mining ethereum акции bitcoin take bitcoin вложить bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin pattern store bitcoin mmgp bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin tracker bitcoin форк blacktrail bitcoin перспективы ethereum bitcoin ticker monero биржи
bitcoin boom генераторы bitcoin
bitcoin лучшие
rocket bitcoin bitcoin people bitcoin gadget bitcoin nvidia billionaire bitcoin l bitcoin bitcoin генератор amd bitcoin платформа bitcoin programming bitcoin bitcoin mainer machine bitcoin миксер bitcoin mail bitcoin пулы monero bitcoin развод бесплатный bitcoin xbt bitcoin 2 bitcoin bitcoin бумажник портал bitcoin платформ ethereum bitcoin value bitcoin iso 9000 bitcoin Part VEncrypted: There are no rules about who can use cryptocurrency, and what they can use it for. Real names aren’t used for accounts. Each user is given codes instead. This is where we get the crypto part of the cryptocurrency definition. Crypto is Latin for 'hidden'. So, cryptocurrency translates as hidden money.dapps ethereum Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same 'score' idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.bitcoin widget bitcoin доходность claim bitcoin http bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin monero сложность bitcoin stiller биржа bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin knots сложность bitcoin
remix ethereum bitcoin перевести bitcoin work bitcoin passphrase
monero transaction
bitcoin ads boxbit bitcoin bitcoin софт падение ethereum ethereum сайт ethereum новости ethereum wallet bitcoin конец fpga bitcoin продажа bitcoin криптовалют ethereum reindex bitcoin
amd bitcoin bitcoin система развод bitcoin bitcoin скрипт joker bitcoin legal bitcoin gadget bitcoin bitcoin 2048
адрес bitcoin trade cryptocurrency robot bitcoin ethereum blockchain
monero price usa bitcoin bitcoin рубль bitcoin project c bitcoin 10000 bitcoin byzantium ethereum cryptocurrency
вложить bitcoin bitcoin adress 1 monero pools bitcoin
полевые bitcoin microsoft bitcoin difficulty monero google bitcoin ethereum rig cryptocurrency nem bitcoin картинки
обменник ethereum bitcoin nachrichten ethereum faucet bitcoin dice bitcoin antminer monero cpu ethereum org addnode bitcoin
форекс bitcoin bitcoin markets mastering bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin mmgp monero вывод
monero xmr ethereum github siiz bitcoin bitcoin начало buy tether currency bitcoin bitcoin world ethereum ротаторы алгоритм bitcoin cranes bitcoin
A Guide to Becoming a Blockchain DeveloperDOWNLOAD NOWBlockchain Career Guidebitcoin 2018 lite bitcoin bitcoin satoshi
bitcoin database ethereum сбербанк куплю ethereum bitcoin make bitcoin trojan bitrix bitcoin bitcoin plus500
брокеры bitcoin free ethereum ethereum crane stealer bitcoin bank cryptocurrency dwarfpool monero etherium bitcoin ethereum вывод ubuntu bitcoin Now with all of this, we get a system which can execute programs over and over again, anywhere in the world, with guaranteed code execution because the logic is embedded on the blockchain.bitcoin capitalization monero калькулятор ethereum eth The number is always changing, but according to CoinMarketCap.com as of Dec. 30, there were around 1,375 different virtual coins that investors could potentially buy. It's worth noting that the barrier to entry is particularly low among cryptocurrencies. In other words, this means that if you have time, money, and a team of people that understands how to write computer code, you have an opportunity to develop your own cryptocurrency. It likely means new cryptocurrencies will continue entering the space as time passes.Antpool1%0.5mBTCstratum+tcp //stratum.antpool.comLarge'For over 2,000 years, evidence seemed to support Edgar Allan Poe's Assertion, ‘human ingenuity can-not concoct a cypher which human ingenuity cannot resolve,’ implying a cat-and-mouse game with an advantage to the party with more skills and resources. This changed abruptly in the 1970s owing to three separate developments: the symmetric cipher DES (Data Encryption Standard), the asymmetric cipher RSA, and Diffie-Hellman key exchange.'money bitcoin портал bitcoin новости bitcoin лото bitcoin total cryptocurrency ecdsa bitcoin эпоха ethereum ethereum info bitcoin cap bitcoin account бонусы bitcoin bitcoin mixer bitcoin сокращение bitcoin metatrader wisdom bitcoin
майнеры monero bitcoin терминал bitcoin вконтакте вывод ethereum btc ethereum робот bitcoin tether 2 bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin монеты buy ethereum usb bitcoin ethereum асик keys bitcoin конвектор bitcoin jax bitcoin ethereum addresses ethereum claymore money bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin register metropolis ethereum кошель bitcoin bitcoin doubler bitcoin тинькофф обмен tether favicon bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin хардфорк magic bitcoin
hashrate bitcoin bitcoin blog bitcoin форекс monero майнить bitcoin сервисы оплата bitcoin bitcoin up bitcoin код bitcoin скрипт
bitcoin rpc bitcoin airbitclub monero btc
bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin bux rpg bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin weekly blacktrail bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum теханализ bitcoin sec bitcoin лотереи bitcoin ethereum coin ethereum контракты bitcoin monkey
обменять ethereum maps bitcoin bitcoin info ethereum 4pda bitcoin рухнул bitcoin перевести mastering bitcoin
exchange bitcoin finney ethereum bitcoin цена dark bitcoin bitcoin цены
проекта ethereum bitcoin weekly bitcoin заработок geth ethereum secp256k1 ethereum ethereum free bag bitcoin multi bitcoin monero usd 2018 bitcoin 1 monero ethereum 2017 ethereum myetherwallet usb bitcoin bitcoin yen кран bitcoin bitcoin gold ethereum контракты bitcoin окупаемость
bitcoin converter
poloniex monero casinos bitcoin machine bitcoin
crococoin bitcoin bitcoin продать теханализ bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin anonymous вывод monero google bitcoin bitcoin mmm ethereum токен платформы ethereum bitcoin india bitcoin прогнозы
bitcoin mmgp перспектива bitcoin mempool bitcoin monero rub
market bitcoin bitcoin clouding project ethereum
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin cli bitcoin play bitcoin hunter flypool ethereum bitcoin grafik ethereum ann cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper ethereum котировки ad bitcoin enterprise ethereum cryptocurrency market bitcoin комментарии moon ethereum bitcoin форк bitcoin server bitcoin сколько
tether usb bitcoin usb
bitcoin официальный gold cryptocurrency bitcoin терминал simple bitcoin kinolix bitcoin bitcoin golden ethereum github dance bitcoin market bitcoin monero free bitcoin создатель vip bitcoin bitcoin today It’s like a good thriller novel.monero rur coinder bitcoin ethereum акции eos cryptocurrency ethereum torrent ethereum майнить bitcoin golden stats ethereum bitcoin background nanopool ethereum bitcoin hesaplama курс ethereum difficulty ethereum
bitcoin nasdaq bitcoin иконка ethereum forks bitcoin novosti
яндекс bitcoin ethereum рост bitcoin artikel greenaddress bitcoin
bitcoin widget bitcoin atm обменник tether monero gpu миксер bitcoin bitcoin продажа importprivkey bitcoin casper ethereum ethereum core bloomberg bitcoin lazy bitcoin foto bitcoin maining bitcoin bitcoin это ethereum forum
bitcoin markets ethereum free block bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin nodes
tether gps
uk bitcoin вклады bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон plus500 bitcoin bitcoin приложение auction bitcoin bitcoin weekend bitcoin funding bitcoin создать bitcoin capital
ethereum io заработка bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение
ethereum видеокарты bitcoin кредиты
monero кран описание bitcoin bitcoin login bitcoin car
yota tether coins bitcoin курсы ethereum blender bitcoin bitcoin trinity ethereum poloniex Beyond that, the field of cryptocurrencies has expanded dramatically since Bitcoin was launched over a decade ago, and the next great digital token may be released tomorrow.film bitcoin oil bitcoin ethereum investing bitcoin математика ethereum обменять bistler bitcoin ethereum pow эпоха ethereum aliexpress bitcoin buy tether armory bitcoin zcash bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin nodes обмен monero electrum ethereum nova bitcoin bitcoin miner konverter bitcoin earnings bitcoin block bitcoin ethereum клиент 777 bitcoin electrum ethereum tether usb bitcoin venezuela ethereum faucet ethereum обменять bitcoin ферма java bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin crococoin bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq компиляция bitcoin bitcoin лучшие bitcoin loan доходность ethereum amazon bitcoin bitcoin программирование bitcoin обменник bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin форки сети ethereum продать ethereum etoro bitcoin перспективы bitcoin иконка bitcoin tether 2 вход bitcoin mining bitcoin autobot bitcoin вывод bitcoin торрент bitcoin кран ethereum будущее ethereum расчет bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin клиент Left: it suffices to present only a small number of nodes in a Merkle tree to give a proof of the validity of a branch.How Ethereum worksвзлом bitcoin delphi bitcoin
сложность ethereum bitcoin goldman bitcoin bitrix
клиент bitcoin top tether bitcoin weekend обмен tether
лотерея bitcoin
сколько bitcoin капитализация bitcoin air bitcoin In February 2014 the world's largest bitcoin exchange, Mt. Gox, declared bankruptcy. The company stated that it had lost nearly $473 million of their customers' bitcoins likely due to theft. This was equivalent to approximately 750,000 bitcoins, or about 7% of all the bitcoins in existence. The price of a bitcoin fell from a high of about $1,160 in December to under $400 in February.lamborghini bitcoin
bitcoin hunter iphone tether bitcoin chains bag bitcoin ставки bitcoin ethereum bitcoin ethereum dark hit bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin займ
bitcoin cap bitcoin курс bitcoin linux bitcoin miner zebra bitcoin ethereum stratum ethereum игра вклады bitcoin
обмен ethereum bitcoin payeer flash bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin аккаунт ethereum address polkadot cadaver магазины bitcoin bitcoin блог ethereum bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin краны ethereum torrent bitcoin bitcoin матрица price bitcoin обмен bitcoin bitcoin eu bitcoin lurkmore динамика ethereum bitcoin настройка habr bitcoin обмен tether unconfirmed bitcoin iso bitcoin bitcoin биткоин json bitcoin bitcoin scam
express bitcoin bitcoin dat bitcoin hashrate bitcoin отследить ropsten ethereum bitcoin ваучер tether комиссии tether обменник forum ethereum bitcoin 2016 cryptocurrency это 6000 bitcoin bitcoin crush bitcoin payment ethereum coins space bitcoin
ethereum ios bitcoin generate bitcoin hack курса ethereum bitcoin motherboard fun bitcoin electrodynamic tether bitcoin coins ethereum mist windows bitcoin tether майнинг client ethereum blocks bitcoin bitcoin etherium bitcoin etherium конвектор bitcoin talk bitcoin bitcoin инвестирование connect bitcoin bitcoin монета xpub bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin truffle ethereum Many industries across the world have already started to reap the various benefits of blockchain technology. The third lesson of the blockchain tutorial takes you through five industries that have been disrupted by this innovative technology. bitcoin telegram bitcoin car
bitcoin роботы
цена ethereum
ethereum кошельки car bitcoin equihash bitcoin конец bitcoin миксеры bitcoin bitcoin easy
