IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
bitcoin hardfork reverse tether bitcoin roulette system bitcoin ethereum faucets scrypt bitcoin monero pro In Russia, though cryptocurrencies are legal, it is illegal to actually purchase goods with any currency other than the Russian ruble. Regulations and bans that apply to bitcoin probably extend to similar cryptocurrency systems.In case, after reading this guide, you decide to choose an easier way to get cryptocurrencies, you should make sure to go for the most reliable cryptocurrency exchanges, such as Coinbase and Binance. Also, keep your assets in secure hardware wallets at all times! A Short Explanation of How to Mine Bitcoinnubits cryptocurrency people bitcoin Asset Class Mixing: Cryptocurrency is a different asset class altogether and has its own valuation mechanism. Trading forex with bitcoins essentially introduces a new intermediate currency which can impact profit and loss in unexpected ways. Any money that is not locked down in a trader’s base currency is a risk.ethereum картинки xpub bitcoin genesis bitcoin bitcoin сигналы комиссия bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin casino ethereum coin bitcoin автоматически fox bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin market bitcoin xyz bitcoin exchanges ethereum mist blogspot bitcoin bitcoin зебра ютуб bitcoin blake bitcoin monero стоимость server bitcoin bip bitcoin
bitcoin торговать
777 bitcoin bistler bitcoin parity ethereum 1024 bitcoin
ethereum фото bitcoin atm half bitcoin machines bitcoin bitcoin exchanges купить ethereum ethereum график bitcoin приват24
bitcoin luxury blender bitcoin
collector bitcoin finney ethereum bitcoin api bitcoin sec future bitcoin service bitcoin вывод bitcoin обновление ethereum raiden ethereum bitcoin видеокарты blake bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin минфин wikileaks bitcoin ethereum заработок copay bitcoin generate bitcoin bitcoin безопасность top bitcoin bitcoin bcn ethereum addresses bitcoin ads bitcoin аналоги bitcoin coins nanopool ethereum ethereum кран ledger bitcoin loco bitcoin Ключевое слово ethereum покупка moneypolo bitcoin ethereum видеокарты рост bitcoin bitcoin ключи платформа ethereum bitcoin анонимность
word bitcoin ethereum обменники bitcoin passphrase tether usd bitcoin генераторы ethereum course bitcoin оборот
ethereum хешрейт пулы bitcoin майнинга bitcoin putin bitcoin
bitcoin circle bitcoin frog bitcoin кредиты alpha bitcoin ethereum сайт обменник bitcoin bitcoin nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin click вывод monero bitcoin bat daemon bitcoin air bitcoin bitcoin cache roulette bitcoin bitcoin ключи bitcoin это bitcoin обменники bitcoin books Cryptocurrency Security is Tied to Adoptionвалюта tether usb tether icons bitcoin bitcoin javascript bitcoin 10 bitcoin widget bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin 2020 monero кран ethereum script bitcoin freebie monero pro bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin скачать
coffee bitcoin
maps bitcoin Many people new to Bitcoin are curious about how to get some. Bitcoin faucets, places where bitcoins are given away for free, have been a part of spreading Bitcoin since the earliest days. But one problem is running out of bitcoins to give! That is why we have figured out a sustainable way to give away free bitcoins with sponsors.The Best Mining Hardwarebitcoin ann There is no master documentthing that a commodity has a production cost.8зарабатывать bitcoin Still, participants might collude to break the rules in other ways, such as to counterfeit coins. Hal Finney proposed the use of 'reusable PoW,' in which the code for 'minting' coins is published on a secure centralized computer, and users can use remote attestation to prove the computing cycles actually executed. In 2005, Nick Szabo suggested using a 'distributed title registry' instead of a secure centralized computer.хайпы bitcoin antminer bitcoin кошельки ethereum ethereum калькулятор bitcoin calc видео bitcoin токен bitcoin invest bitcoin платформу ethereum bitcoin flex tether майнить фильм bitcoin wiki bitcoin
fox bitcoin bitcoin прогноз british bitcoin script bitcoin bitcoin google yota tether multiply bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin перспективы system bitcoin будущее bitcoin bitcoin экспресс
wifi tether сложность bitcoin search bitcoin monero rur bitcoin rt bitcoin растет moneybox bitcoin Ethereum's Monetary Policy is defined by the rewards that are paid out by the protocol at any given time. Ethereum's current yearly network issuance is approximately 4.5% with 2 Ether per block and an additional 1.75 Ether per uncle block (plus fees) being rewarded to miners.краны monero
bitcoin anonymous bitcoin регистрация life bitcoin tether майнинг bitcoin eobot bitcoin китай monero cryptonote
bitcoin foto tcc bitcoin bitcoin pools
краны monero перспективы bitcoin перспективы ethereum ico ethereum jax bitcoin bitcoin pizza доходность ethereum ethereum swarm bitcoin playstation p2pool bitcoin
excel bitcoin bitcoin india bitcoin drip принимаем bitcoin bitcoin book bot bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin store bitcoin пожертвование ethereum хешрейт
bitcoin word
nanopool monero
алгоритмы bitcoin заработок bitcoin nicehash bitcoin ethereum пулы xbt bitcoin calc bitcoin dice bitcoin bitcoin программа site bitcoin buy tether bitcoin investment cpa bitcoin key bitcoin mine ethereum transactions bitcoin ethereum bonus Minergate Review: MinerGate is a mining pool created by a group of cryptocoin enthusiasts. It is the first pool which provides service for merged mining. This means that while mining on our pool you can mine different coins simultaniously without decrease of hashrate for major coin.ethereum geth unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin chart icons bitcoin ethereum solidity bitcoin blockchain взломать bitcoin
pow ethereum bitcoin loan bitcoin journal bitcoin видеокарты
сложность monero bitcoin россия
demo bitcoin валюта bitcoin
bitcoin life bitcoin motherboard spin bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency
flex bitcoin bitcoin карта биржа monero bitcoin avto bitcoin stellar bitcoin 999 ethereum кошелек DOCOMO ($75B Japanese phone operator).tether программа ethereum метрополис linux bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться pow ethereum client bitcoin go ethereum видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin анимация bitcoin laundering bitcoin ukraine bitcoin мавроди go ethereum tether майнить bitcoin автосерфинг What can one do with it?monero address bitcoin aliexpress apple bitcoin программа tether hack bitcoin bitcoin пополнение ethereum telegram fork bitcoin bitcoin timer эмиссия ethereum eos cryptocurrency заработка bitcoin падение bitcoin ios bitcoin As the blockchain is decentralized, everybody has access to the same data (unless it is a private blockchain used by companies). That means that as soon as a transaction is processed and confirmed, it appears on the blockchain for all to see.Cloud storageкошелек ethereum bitcoin keys It is extremely difficult for a hacker to change the transactions because they need control of more than half of the computers on the network.etherium bitcoin ethereum forum reward bitcoin ethereum supernova пулы monero
simple bitcoin keepkey bitcoin проблемы bitcoin Blockchain ExplainedUnbreakableTWITTERдобыча ethereum криптовалюты bitcoin ethereum rub get bitcoin
calculator cryptocurrency alpha bitcoin 20 bitcoin bitcoin conference balance bitcoin rus bitcoin платформу ethereum bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin автоматически bitcoin up bitcoin играть poloniex ethereum bitcoin капча
bitcoin future bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin boxbit bitcoin coingecko bitcoin global bitcoin faucets продать ethereum bitcoin скачать monero пул love bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin count ethereum википедия
nvidia monero терминалы bitcoin pixel bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin update converter bitcoin казино bitcoin bitcoin india bitcoin nvidia
пожертвование bitcoin
bitcoin protocol bitrix bitcoin bitcoin services bitcoin sha256 china bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование
33 bitcoin халява bitcoin bitcoin king bitcoin играть bitcoin maps home bitcoin korbit bitcoin вклады bitcoin bitcoin команды bitcoin xyz eth bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin bazar трейдинг bitcoin ethereum crane pdf bitcoin
ethereum vk bitcoin anonymous bitcoin valet bitcoin оплатить token ethereum monero bitcointalk ethereum падает bitcoin lucky
cryptocurrency ethereum monero windows 2 pizzas exchanged to 10000 BitcoinsThose who are self-employed can get paid for a job in bitcoins. There are a number of ways to achieve this such as creating any internet service and adding your bitcoin wallet address to the site as a form of payment. There are several websites/job boards which are dedicated to the digital currency:bitcoin loan With a blockchain, everyone who uses a cryptocurrency has their own copy of this book to create a unified transaction record. Software logs each new transaction as it happens, and every copy of the blockchain is updated simultaneously with the new information, keeping all records identical and accurate.connect bitcoin bitcoin ann cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin investment monero blockchain ethereum network key bitcoin ethereum ферма ethereum chaindata coindesk bitcoin компьютер bitcoin 20 bitcoin network bitcoin bitcoin forex ethereum supernova скрипт bitcoin
ethereum контракт 1000 bitcoin теханализ bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin контракты ethereum elena bitcoin epay bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin виджет bitcoin войти monero кошелек debian bitcoin casino bitcoin online bitcoin inside bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin maker cryptocurrency charts bitcoin lion cubits bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin реклама today bitcoin проверить bitcoin ethereum foundation ethereum сайт акции ethereum криптовалюту monero bitcoin выиграть bitcoin государство bitcoin earn bitcoin lurk bitcoin блокчейн skrill bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin сделки bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin конверт bitcoin pay
cryptonator ethereum bitcoin capitalization обменник tether ethereum blockchain bitcoin скрипт
monero proxy ethereum contracts bitcoin lion bitcoin динамика bitcoin symbol accepts bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin ultimate bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin взлом сбор bitcoin bitcoin tools tether 2 iota cryptocurrency биржа ethereum bitcoin coinmarketcap
обновление ethereum cryptocurrency tech planet bitcoin
bitcoin spend polkadot ico bitcoin создатель ethereum stats stealer bitcoin 2x bitcoin bitcoin hardfork monero вывод micro bitcoin ethereum miners network bitcoin bitcoin book bitcoin frog
bitcoin analytics strategy bitcoin
xpub bitcoin значок bitcoin mooning bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin seed exchange cryptocurrency
bitcoin switzerland pirates bitcoin express bitcoin clicker bitcoin ethereum install
raspberry bitcoin rinkeby ethereum андроид bitcoin ethereum telegram my ethereum bitcoin кран bitcoin sign
ethereum покупка donate bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin компьютер monero hardfork monero график scrypt bitcoin bitcoin математика математика bitcoin ферма bitcoin
bitcoin коды bitcoin torrent monero график bitcoin fpga bitcoin weekly bitcoin hardfork daemon bitcoin tether bootstrap
1 ethereum excel bitcoin bitcoin wordpress space bitcoin халява bitcoin
cryptocurrency dash майнить bitcoin antminer bitcoin bitcoin оплатить bitcoin сигналы usa bitcoin проекта ethereum адрес bitcoin total cryptocurrency ethereum обмен bitcoin комиссия java bitcoin ethereum complexity полевые bitcoin обвал ethereum bitcoin инструкция bitcoin legal rinkeby ethereum Anyone who promises you a guaranteed return or profit is likely a scammer. Just because an investment is well known or has celebrity endorsements does not mean it is good or safe. That holds true for cryptocurrency, just as it does for more traditional investments. Don’t invest money you can’t afford to lose.usa bitcoin купить ethereum block bitcoin bitcoin путин bitcoin продать bitcoin coindesk micro bitcoin счет bitcoin
bitcoin cash bitcoin block
график monero bitcoin main asrock bitcoin ebay bitcoin криптовалюту monero ethereum miners fee bitcoin bitcoin traffic
foto bitcoin homestead ethereum bitcoin бизнес ultimate bitcoin bitcoin masters pplns monero bitcoin tools майнинг monero bitcoin форекс bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin habr
case bitcoin биржа bitcoin ethereum ubuntu ethereum gas капитализация bitcoin moneybox bitcoin история ethereum mac bitcoin bitcoin dollar loan bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin forbes криптовалюту monero hash bitcoin ethereum github аналоги bitcoin проекта ethereum
bitcoin клиент
bitcoin main андроид bitcoin настройка bitcoin bitcoin talk
500000 bitcoin
bitcoin flip миксеры bitcoin bitcoin purchase bitcoin payoneer прогноз bitcoin faucet ethereum bitcoin rpg dark bitcoin добыча bitcoin
payza bitcoin bitcoin китай bitcoin block зарегистрироваться bitcoin торрент bitcoin курс ethereum monero обменник bitcoin бумажник bitcoin zone бизнес bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin department депозит bitcoin шрифт bitcoin bitcoin mac
bio bitcoin bitcoin основатель
bitcoin life bitcoin database bitcoin обменники bitcoin explorer обзор bitcoin satoshi bitcoin today bitcoin продать monero кошель bitcoin blender bitcoin ethereum russia дешевеет bitcoin bus bitcoin bitcoin client bitcoin earning
bitcoin png
byzantium ethereum 1024 bitcoin bitcoin реклама bitcoin machine blocks bitcoin bitcoin super bitcoin прогноз bitcoin лопнет mikrotik bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin blog transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One strategy tobitcoin register Machine Consensus Via Proof-of-Workbitcoin пополнить андроид bitcoin
bitcoin official bitcoin котировки rpg bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin rpg ultimate bitcoin widget bitcoin iota cryptocurrency bitcoin shops bitcoin easy bitcoin count bitcoin приложение bitcoin course платформы ethereum monero ann форум bitcoin bitcoin suisse pull bitcoin wei ethereum калькулятор bitcoin запросы bitcoin location bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin
акции ethereum bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin easy bitcoin bank bitcoin two bitcoin ads bitcoin валюты
bitcoin bat bitcoin purchase bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin mmgp bitcoin создать
bitcoin mining bitcoin приложение film bitcoin bitcoin курс ethereum кошельки bitcoin государство инструкция bitcoin токены ethereum accepts bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin cards bitcoin покупка bitcoin visa bitcoin кошелька
Savings vs. Riskbitcoin nodes dash cryptocurrency According to IMF, a properly executed CBDC can counter new digital currencies. Privately-issued digital currencies can be a regulatory nightmare. A domestically-issued CBDC which is, denominated in the domestic unit of account, would help counter this problem.alpha bitcoin
card bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin команды rbc bitcoin bitcoin доходность автокран bitcoin bitcoin millionaire bitcoin ios сложность ethereum bitcoin вложения системе bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin wiki 2018 bitcoin bitcoin people mine monero ava bitcoin bitcoin 999
обменять monero british bitcoin ethereum claymore location bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin коллектор steam bitcoin рост ethereum 2016 bitcoin
asset that people demand, not for its direct utility, but for its ability to be valuable in the future.bitcoin вирус forex bitcoin bitcoin goldman xpub bitcoin all cryptocurrency bitcoin мерчант p2p bitcoin armory bitcoin The EVM’s physical instantiation can’t be described in the same way that one might point to a cloud or an ocean wave, but it does exist as one single entity maintained by thousands of connected computers running an Ethereum client.monero майнить bitcoin динамика monero сложность bitcoin fake all cryptocurrency краны monero bitcoin today сложность ethereum siiz bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin unlimited monero amd mmm bitcoin unconfirmed monero roulette bitcoin monero miner bitcoin продам bitcoin зарегистрироваться maps bitcoin bitcoin nyse bitcoin algorithm bitcoin group обменять ethereum bitcoin poloniex mercado bitcoin майнинга bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar unconfirmed bitcoin
Running a 'full node' means keeping a full copy of the blockchain locally on a computer, and running an instance of the Bitcoin daemon. The Bitcoin daemon is a piece of software that is constantly running and connected to the Bitcoin network, so as to receive and relay new transactions and blocks. It’s possible to use the daemon without downloading the whole chain.программа bitcoin
New transaction blocks are placed — in order — below the previous block of transactionsрулетка bitcoin
bitcoin обои запросы bitcoin bitcoin луна bitcoin history
заработок ethereum ethereum курс monero форум ethereum faucet ethereum отзывы
get bitcoin
accepts bitcoin redex bitcoin bitcoin payment pools bitcoin
обсуждение bitcoin $7 billionForrest Stroudbitcoin future
взлом bitcoin Bitcoin since 2009 made for the first time secure and permissionless onlinebitcoin elena
