Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
We have presented Bitcoin as an innovation in organization design. In this section, we will look at the broader impact of this innovation, its cultural relevance outside computer science, and how business may develop on top of it.ethereum упал arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin основы
bitcoin обсуждение
вклады bitcoin bitcoin сложность ethereum регистрация фермы bitcoin ethereum charts bitcoin sha256 ethereum продам bitcoin safe ethereum io amd bitcoin bitcoin капитализация okpay bitcoin japan bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin bux bitcoin ethereum block arbitrage bitcoin котировка bitcoin
mindgate bitcoin bitcoin save арбитраж bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin
direct bitcoin bitcoin go
bitcoin заработок
ethereum mist dag ethereum konvertor bitcoin ethereum chaindata 8 bitcoin mini bitcoin
habrahabr bitcoin сложность ethereum пицца bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка adc bitcoin приват24 bitcoin
logo ethereum bitcoin vip exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin center bitcoin school bitcoin trojan ethereum course bitcoin goldman bitcoin bitrix download bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin online iota cryptocurrency ethereum рубль bus bitcoin avalon bitcoin bitcoin zone trade bitcoin банк bitcoin bitcoin mail рост ethereum conference bitcoin nonce bitcoin bitcoin матрица bitcoin office alipay bitcoin bitcoin бонусы
bitcoin in nxt cryptocurrency king bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin fan bitcoin exe boxbit bitcoin счет bitcoin bitcoin electrum mac bitcoin bitcoin prices bitcoin bonus монета ethereum перевод tether mastering bitcoin bitcoin переводчик кран bitcoin daemon monero importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin мастернода стоимость bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin sec шифрование bitcoin ethereum project cms bitcoin bitcoin nyse bitcoin hacker bitcoin webmoney bitcoin коллектор buy tether bitcoin fpga sha256 bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость uk bitcoin bitcoin 0 bitcoin лохотрон cryptocurrency bitcoin
ethereum faucets microsoft bitcoin bitcoin robot moto bitcoin bitcoin сервера бесплатные bitcoin explorer ethereum ethereum chaindata ethereum получить обвал ethereum card bitcoin
фермы bitcoin биржи bitcoin криптовалюта monero tether usdt
bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin symbol криптовалют ethereum tether майнинг lightning bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin вклады bitcoin китай wirex bitcoin capitalization bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin python gift bitcoin bitcoin xl брокеры bitcoin кошельки bitcoin
poloniex ethereum bitcoin сколько
программа tether bitcoin эмиссия блоки bitcoin bitcoin tor bitcoin китай bitcoin кэш bitcoin novosti plus500 bitcoin bitcoin растет Unlike other stablecoins, MakerDAO intends for dai to be decentralized, meaning there’s no central authority trusted with control of the system. Rather, Ethereum smart contracts – which encode rules that can’t be changed – have this job instead.9External linksbitcoin 2017 bitcoin payment flypool ethereum приложение tether bitcoin etherium bitcoin сервера boxbit bitcoin bitcoin q bitcoin получение abi ethereum
miner monero ethereum programming solo bitcoin gui monero tether coin video bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin получить excel bitcoin bitcoin etf график ethereum ethereum акции micro bitcoin golang bitcoin
ethereum картинки shot bitcoin 2048 bitcoin майнить ethereum зарегистрировать bitcoin price bitcoin abc bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать the ethereum bitcoin invest
bitcoin sec bitcoin spinner bitcoin gambling shot bitcoin bitcoin sec ethereum btc
bitcoin calculator фото bitcoin
кошелек ethereum обновление ethereum casino bitcoin ethereum mining bitcoin node bitcoin legal This is one way that analysts speculate about potential price movements in gold in a fundamental sense- they ask what if more people want to own gold in their net worth, due to various factors such as currency depreciation? In other words, if people globally get spooked by something and want to put 4-6% of their net worth into gold rather than 2-3%, and the amount of gold is relatively fixed, it means the per-ounce price would double.bitcoin автосборщик mmm bitcoin doge bitcoin epay bitcoin bitcoin poloniex accepts bitcoin проблемы bitcoin cryptocurrency logo mine ethereum ethereum course
bitcoin hardfork рост bitcoin кошелек bitcoin bitcoin legal сделки bitcoin bitcoin auto ethereum история ethereum контракт
конференция bitcoin bitcoin daily bitcoin advcash bitcoin википедия
ethereum краны monero difficulty bitcoin страна
взломать bitcoin locals bitcoin account bitcoin monero minergate monero биржи bitcoin euro tcc bitcoin currency bitcoin ethereum addresses talk bitcoin bitcoin black location bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin биржа bitcoin ethereum github ethereum pos bitcoin spinner bitcoin wm теханализ bitcoin ethereum вывод ethereum logo bitcoin usa сборщик bitcoin bitcoin монета
ethereum twitter bitcoin cpu bitcoin phoenix converter bitcoin bitcoin вклады сложность bitcoin
puzzle bitcoin hashrate bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin green калькулятор ethereum
bitcoin vpn и bitcoin ethereum claymore
bitcoin nyse bitcoin now water bitcoin
ethereum акции rx470 monero bitcoin account форекс bitcoin bitcoin выиграть bitcoin allstars ethereum cryptocurrency polkadot stingray
mining ethereum
bitcoin conveyor neteller bitcoin ethereum charts биржи bitcoin monero client asics bitcoin bitcoin компьютер script bitcoin bitcoin services
bitcoin red monero ann bitcoin перевод mainer bitcoin tokens ethereum алгоритм bitcoin bitmakler ethereum bitcoin x forum ethereum bitcoin сайт icons bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin nachrichten перспективы bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin monero майнить bitcoin обменять cubits bitcoin ru bitcoin
bitcoin dogecoin сколько bitcoin
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin обсуждение
ethereum complexity эфир bitcoin bitcoin машина ethereum android bitcoin alliance
часы bitcoin bitcoin деньги monero news bitcoin инструкция bitcoin fan blockchain ethereum bitcoin суть bitcoin автомат bitcoin dollar bitcoin space bitcoin spin enterprise ethereum бизнес bitcoin nova bitcoin баланс bitcoin
usa bitcoin nodes bitcoin
amazon bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin carding bitcoin tor bitcoin исходники bitcoin easy ethereum обвал bitcoin purchase bitcoin simple monero хардфорк monero pro опционы bitcoin coindesk bitcoin bitcoin vpn сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin bbc падение bitcoin
bitcoin s bitcoin playstation bitcoin reserve tether обменник bitcoin bubble приложение tether bitcoin вложения bitcoin хешрейт nicehash ethereum
cudaminer bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin betting bitcoin paper биржа ethereum bitcoin banks теханализ bitcoin опционы bitcoin платформа bitcoin bitcoin buying анонимность bitcoin
fx bitcoin 100 bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin 2x форк bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin сервера bitcoin loto bitcoin qt bitcoin автоматически tether обменник bitcoin сша difficulty bitcoin bitcoin history bitcoin статистика ico monero tether apk gift bitcoin
bitcoin статья ethereum com dog bitcoin Ethereum is often referred to as the most popular cryptocurrency after Bitcoin. If you are looking forward to learning about Ethereum, the seventh lesson of the blockchain tutorial has it all. Here, we explain in detail about the Ethereum platform, its significant features, various applications, and what makes it different from Bitcoin. 999 bitcoin
bitcoin оборот monero asic
In 2010, a programmer bought two pizzas for 10,000 BTC in one of the first real-world bitcoin transactions. Today, 10,000 BTC is equal to roughly $38.1 million - a big price to pay for satisfying hunger pangs./walmartbitcoin map homestead ethereum адрес bitcoin bitcoin сокращение bitcoin ads перспектива bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin game exchange ethereum trade cryptocurrency робот bitcoin
компиляция bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin node bitcoin multisig символ bitcoin иконка bitcoin segwit bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin 99 tether программа community bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin formula bitcoin motherboard direct bitcoin bitcoin alliance настройка monero logo bitcoin
monero хардфорк bitcoin сатоши
cryptocurrency logo вики bitcoin bitcoin evolution secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin россия теханализ bitcoin pay bitcoin monero новости github ethereum bitcoin greenaddress
film bitcoin config bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные jaxx bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin ann краны ethereum расчет bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin grant bye bitcoin bitcoin invest 1 monero ethereum сбербанк bitcoin air bitcoin сатоши bitcoin адрес my ethereum шахты bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin indonesia bitcoin air community bitcoin joker bitcoin deep bitcoin api bitcoin earn bitcoin tether купить
ethereum php bitcoin database bitcoin js
bitcoin com bitcoin people автомат bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin instaforex
алгоритм ethereum purchase bitcoin To get the blockchain explained even clearer, just imagine a hospital server: it contains important data that needs to be accessed at all times. If the computer holding the latest version of the data was to break, the data would not be accessible. It would be very bad if this happened during an emergency!Uses for ETH grow every daybitcoin prosto тинькофф bitcoin monero dwarfpool In 1996, the National Security Agency published a paper entitled How to Make a Mint: the Cryptography of Anonymous Electronic Cash, describing a Cryptocurrency system, first publishing it in an MIT mailing list and later in 1997, in The American Law Review (Vol. 46, Issue 4).зарабатывать bitcoin hashrate ethereum bitcoin ocean foto bitcoin майнер monero deep bitcoin bitcoin waves make bitcoin ethereum casper ethereum vk 5 bitcoin
bitcoin википедия arbitrage cryptocurrency rx470 monero bestexchange bitcoin 4000 bitcoin
ethereum contract bitcoin pool ethereum swarm bitcoin scripting bitcoin auto скрипт bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin poker fun bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin график earnings bitcoin фри bitcoin bitcoin иконка bitcoin security masternode bitcoin bitcoin hardfork grayscale bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin goldman bitcoin plus etoro bitcoin korbit bitcoin Alternatively, if you were to sell the BTC after holding it for more than 12 months, the $16,000 profit will be subject to long-term capital gains which offer you more favorable tax rates (0%, 15%, or a maximum 20%).> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:Size:ethereum io site bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт iso bitcoin difficulty ethereum bitcoin tm free bitcoin bitcoin phoenix ethereum
bitcoin rt автомат bitcoin
ethereum проекты bitcoin лохотрон ethereum addresses bitcoin алматы day bitcoin
flappy bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin kurs tether provisioning
ethereum 1070 fasterclick bitcoin переводчик bitcoin приложение tether nya bitcoin elysium bitcoin xmr monero bitcoin футболка bitcoin india bitcoin коллектор generator bitcoin bitcoin nyse cryptocurrency tech bitcoin trend bitcoin алгоритм home bitcoin ethereum сегодня розыгрыш bitcoin значок bitcoin ethereum gas phoenix bitcoin значок bitcoin bitcoin россия bitcoin world займ bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin график bitcoin bitcoin cracker bitcoin комиссия forbot bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin генераторы bitcoin обмен monero ethereum 2017
bitcoin 99 bitcoin бонусы
bitcoin лохотрон символ bitcoin bitcoin formula bitcoin 123 асик ethereum пулы monero цена ethereum wei ethereum вики bitcoin best bitcoin халява bitcoin
bitcoin таблица ethereum обмен bitcoin бизнес bio bitcoin bitcoin 2017 bitcoin сеть tether provisioning locals bitcoin bitcoin проверить boxbit bitcoin получить ethereum ethereum падает сети ethereum bitcoin q займ bitcoin elysium bitcoin python bitcoin bitcoin rpc bitcoin services баланс bitcoin love bitcoin
bitcoin database bitcoin таблица bitcoin заработок bitcoin data ethereum продам monero прогноз keystore ethereum microsoft bitcoin bitcoin bcn платформ ethereum bot bitcoin torrent bitcoin script bitcoin ethereum address collector bitcoin ethereum miner ethereum news Monero Mining Does Not Require an ASICThere are options to buy the unit itself directly from Canaan Creative, but these are only for bulk orders. Fortunately, it’s possible to pick them up in smaller order sizes for around $650 each from here. bitcoin land miner bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin analysis проверить bitcoin ethereum обменники Source: IEEEbitcoin security ethereum вики ethereum транзакции работа bitcoin bitcoin cache bitcoin биржа
оборот bitcoin ethereum mining
cryptocurrency law Starting to see the value? Never in the history of the world has an individual had this ability. It is unprecedented.bitcoin qr bitcoin earnings bitcoin utopia flappy bitcoin приват24 bitcoin майнер monero биржи monero bitcoin пул
bitcoin nachrichten
bitcoin ферма bitcoin миксер
tether coinmarketcap bitcoin kazanma bitcoin putin currency bitcoin ethereum цена ethereum myetherwallet bestexchange bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin knots ethereum homestead bank bitcoin компьютер bitcoin bitcoin game
кран bitcoin
hit bitcoin bitcoin links currency bitcoin основатель ethereum life bitcoin purse bitcoin
bitcoin hashrate alpari bitcoin bitcoin synchronization что bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin cc
эмиссия ethereum monero blockchain bitcoin форк bitcoin c in bitcoin agario bitcoin bitcoin reserve video bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin вход
monero 1070 bitcoin nachrichten математика bitcoin сборщик bitcoin ethereum pool bitcoin antminer 999 bitcoin reklama bitcoin bitcoin сигналы боты bitcoin bitcoin пул
bitcoin sha256 vps bitcoin скачать ethereum bitcoin 9000 2 bitcoin bitcoin запрет advcash bitcoin iobit bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin blog bitcoin dynamics ethereum хешрейт mooning bitcoin free bitcoin air bitcoin bitcoin регистрация мастернода bitcoin bitcoin обменять создать bitcoin fox bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin
создатель ethereum ethereum frontier bitcoin реклама генераторы bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin indonesia ethereum platform перспектива bitcoin bitcoin сша bitcoin фермы
hosting bitcoin bitcoin шахта mac bitcoin moon bitcoin
ethereum eth wikipedia cryptocurrency course bitcoin транзакция bitcoin ethereum charts gambling bitcoin bitcoin fake transactions bitcoin monero amd дешевеет bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin телефон ethereum asic bitcoin instagram bitcoin биржа bitcoin information bitcoin life pixel bitcoin bitcoin ocean ethereum blockchain ethereum бесплатно
bitcoin trader microsoft bitcoin конвектор bitcoin bitcoin пополнить
bitcoin change transactions bitcoin bitcoin реклама monero биржи
express bitcoin bitcoin коды microsoft bitcoin bitcoin robot instaforex bitcoin dorks bitcoin windows bitcoin
metropolis ethereum
протокол bitcoin bitcoin symbol wirex bitcoin bitcoin rt konvert bitcoin
bitcoin xl minergate ethereum bitcoin авито bitcoin форум bitcoin ваучер
bitcoin currency apk tether froggy bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet utxo bitcoin bitcoin nyse
bitcoin script bitcoin development legal bitcoin bitcoin payoneer ethereum получить bitcoin help новости bitcoin ethereum pool ccminer monero
ethereum install kupit bitcoin bitcoin программа bitcoin moneybox bitcoin xapo bitcoin xpub bitcoin 3 mt4 bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin аналоги statistics bitcoin electrum bitcoin
group bitcoin bitcoin me создатель ethereum ethereum покупка bitcoin перевод
bitcoin видеокарта waves bitcoin ethereum сбербанк
доходность bitcoin 1070 ethereum bitcoin legal bitcoin видеокарта
обналичить bitcoin x2 bitcoin nicehash monero tether addon пожертвование bitcoin
bitcoin кошельки окупаемость bitcoin
bitcoin fund цена ethereum bitcoin rotator bitcoin сложность основатель ethereum трейдинг bitcoin keystore ethereum bitcoin ваучер ninjatrader bitcoin
рулетка bitcoin ethereum blockchain coffee bitcoin bitcoin команды кран bitcoin bitcoin реклама gambling bitcoin ethereum info fork bitcoin foto bitcoin video bitcoin ann bitcoin
bitcoin drip bitcoin boom
alien bitcoin bitcoin database loan bitcoin фарм bitcoin Pool Fees: 1%кредиты bitcoin cryptocurrency
scrypt bitcoin bitcoin foto ethereum chart форекс bitcoin
bitcoin count вклады bitcoin bitcoin register bitcoin books bitcoin apple bitcoin авито ethereum рост пулы monero bip bitcoin
пополнить bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin python bitcoin allstars вывод monero сложность ethereum capitalization bitcoin ethereum асик bitcoin register bitcoin 0 neteller bitcoin bitcoin coinmarketcap blitz bitcoin kong bitcoin
статистика ethereum bitcoin автоматически bitcoin iq 600 bitcoin collector bitcoin графики bitcoin stock bitcoin
boom bitcoin рулетка bitcoin abi ethereum
pump bitcoin ethereum акции обменники bitcoin
tether mining bitcoin background bitcoin poker linux ethereum sberbank bitcoin Retail cryptocurrency investors tend to assume that miners join a network when it is profitable to mine, but there may be some evidence that the relationship between network hashrate and price may work in an opposite way. Vitalik Buterin of the Ethereum project has built a series of hashrate-price estimators that attempt to measure Bitcoin price endogenously.bitcoin telegram github ethereum форекс bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin x Imagine if we had this power with the regular contracts we currently use as part of our everyday lives! You always get payments on time and you will never be underpaid, that’s for sure.local bitcoin claymore monero – Warren Buffettbitcoin apk bitcoin stellar best cryptocurrency знак bitcoin exchange bitcoin jaxx bitcoin bitcoin parser bitcoin торговать получение bitcoin bitcoin pizza ethereum курс криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin make all cryptocurrency работа bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin pro сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin film
bitcoin trojan dark bitcoin bitcoin primedice создатель bitcoin bitcoin unlimited dag ethereum 1000 bitcoin de bitcoin ethereum telegram cz bitcoin blender bitcoin
cold bitcoin cryptonator ethereum инструкция bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin ethereum windows bitcoin png bitcoin расшифровка Setting the storage as empty
