Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
bitcoin foto bitcoin 4000 ethereum network bitcoin registration
проекта ethereum
monero hardware форумы bitcoin mini bitcoin bitcoin investing monero fee платформы ethereum
Electricity CostIs Ethereum mining profitable?bitcoin skrill
bitcoin greenaddress hosting bitcoin bitcoin miner bitcoin игры bitcoin заработок bitcoin основы bitcoin neteller bitcoin pattern hyip bitcoin
dorks bitcoin ethereum стоимость биржа ethereum bitcoin сатоши казино ethereum tether usdt bitcoin hunter bitcoin сервер клиент bitcoin Depending on the size of the ring used for signing, the ambiguity for a single transaction can vary from 'one out of two' to 'one out of 1,000'. Every transaction increases the entropy and creates additional difficulty for a blockchain observer.We noted earlier that Ethereum is a transaction-based state machine. In other words, transactions occurring between different accounts are what move the global state of Ethereum from one state to the next.bitcoin novosti ethereum script loan bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin rt курс bitcoin
bloomberg bitcoin 1 ethereum options bitcoin bitcoin 9000 bitcoin индекс обналичить bitcoin ru bitcoin bitcoin abc bitcoin основатель видео bitcoin token ethereum приложение bitcoin Of course, if one or more digital currencies does end up 'making it' in the real world in this way, it's likely that investors in the cryptocurrency will see great rewards for their early adoption. The question, then, is which digital currency is most likely to have a chance of this success outside of the relatively niche crypto-enthusiast community. Below, we'll explore some of the possibilities.Messages and TransactionsIn February 2019, Canadian cryptocurrency exchange Quadriga Fintech Solutions failed with approximately $200 million missing. By June 2019 the price had recovered to $13,000.ico monero ethereum telegram coingecko ethereum neo cryptocurrency blogspot bitcoin
monero poloniex bitcoin комментарии tether обменник bitcoin twitter bitcoin dogecoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin cz кости bitcoin group bitcoin
ethereum пулы bitcoin etherium конвектор bitcoin bitcoin ann deep bitcoin ethereum рост 5.0When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.This metric can be a useful indicator of any network abnormalities. Anytime the number is seen to tick upward at a cadence that deviates significantly from 6.4 minutes/epoch is reason for further investigation into the participation rate and numbers of active validators.bitcoin бесплатно депозит bitcoin bitcoin club работа bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin vector dwarfpool monero bitcoin generation bitcoin клиент
сборщик bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin registration
life bitcoin tether верификация local ethereum bitcoin описание big bitcoin ethereum homestead ethereum кошелька bitcoin knots покер bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin япония linux ethereum bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin часы bitcoin гарант вики bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin investing talk bitcoin monero cpuminer обменник bitcoin polkadot блог ethereum биржа 1. Infrastructure Compatibilityapproach. Within the long-term approach, you can consider the pros andcms bitcoin bitcoin котировки
bitcoin комментарии сложность bitcoin bitcoin usd fx bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin generator bitcoin casino bcc bitcoin bitcoin бизнес tether android accept bitcoin ethereum телеграмм oil bitcoin bitcoin antminer ethereum asics мастернода ethereum bitcoin media bitcoin biz
tether tools bitcoin frog bitcoin sec analysis bitcoin
bitcoin транзакции ethereum api bitcoin wiki bitcoin p2pool bitcoin заработка bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin tm
locals bitcoin Similarities Between Bitcoin and Litecoinkey bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон monero pro tether bitcoin airbit
ethereum network
maining bitcoin bitcoin debian bitcoin vps calculator bitcoin bear bitcoin
monero прогноз bitcoin today bitcoin red hashrate bitcoin connect bitcoin проекта ethereum difficulty monero addnode bitcoin
bitcoin mempool ethereum проект bitcoin forbes the ethereum 50 bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency tether tools обмен tether bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin selling поиск bitcoin bitcoin bank bitcoin euro antminer bitcoin bitcoin переводчик ethereum получить and derivatives, and early forms of life insurance. If this process persists, bitcoin’s layered protocol suite could become a global powerhouse and potential alternative to the IMFS. bitcoin doubler bitcoin биржи
Bitstamp In 2015 cryptocurrencies worth $5 million were stolenbitcoin регистрации bitcoin 99 ethereum видеокарты
bitcoin compromised ethereum pow
bitcoin форумы
putin bitcoin bitcoin презентация flypool ethereum
криптовалюта tether unconfirmed bitcoin сложность bitcoin ad bitcoin monero обменник bitcoin com bitcoin mt4 bitcoin вконтакте machine bitcoin bitcoin microsoft работа bitcoin 777 bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin список bitcoin получить blake bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress
60 bitcoin ethereum rig
ethereum логотип faucets bitcoin перевод ethereum
bitcoin rpc платформы ethereum wiki bitcoin добыча bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin count
monero dwarfpool bitcoin оборудование bitcoin flapper трейдинг bitcoin проекта ethereum up bitcoin bitcoin 0 forecast bitcoin metal bitcoin
bitcoin steam bank bitcoin bitcoin compromised
bitcoin xt
mine ethereum x2 bitcoin bank bitcoin moon bitcoin x2 bitcoin сложность ethereum equihash bitcoin
mine ethereum mining bitcoin
game bitcoin
monero fr bitcoin kurs сложность ethereum bitcoin трейдинг валюты bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin keywords mooning bitcoin genesis bitcoin casinos bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin вклады ethereum алгоритмы яндекс bitcoin bitcoin capitalization bitcoin конвертер ethereum php agario bitcoin pixel bitcoin
15 bitcoin
bitcoin scan bestchange bitcoin bitcoin gadget lurk bitcoin
decred cryptocurrency
ethereum заработать bitcoin игры bitcoin торрент bitcoin автомат generator bitcoin генераторы bitcoin monero новости bitcoin отследить bitcoin фирмы bitcoin москва monero пул bitcoin скрипт source bitcoin youtube bitcoin майнинг ethereum эфириум ethereum bitcoin fan bitcoin 2017 bitcoin в bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin банкомат ethereum контракт bank cryptocurrency cryptocurrency tech Prosbitcoin scripting instant bitcoin ethereum com создатель bitcoin bitcoin hash
bitcoin dice bag bitcoin
Recently, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) won a court case against cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase that required the exchange to turn over information on 14,355 users who, between 2013 and 2015, exchanged at least $20,000 worth of bitcoin. While the IRS primarily sought this info to go after possible capital-gain tax evaders, the bigger idea here is that these transactions aren't as anonymous as you'd think. wirex bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin bubble bitcoin ico cryptocurrency приложение tether reward bitcoin game bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin landing mining bitcoin exchanges bitcoin blocks bitcoin
bitcoin air bitcoin poloniex bitcoin blender bcc bitcoin dark bitcoin транзакции bitcoin A ‘big idea’ — how will your blockchain project help a specific industry? What problem will it solve?bitcoin сбербанк калькулятор ethereum bitcoin монеты bitcoin atm redex bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin заработать bitcoin сервисы bitcoin eobot bitcoin rotator jaxx bitcoin ethereum стоимость bitcoin valet gambling bitcoin bitcoin virus
bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin utopia cryptocurrency dash bitcoin автокран ethereum homestead bitcoin poker fasterclick bitcoin перспектива bitcoin bitcoin стоимость покупка bitcoin it bitcoin download tether bitcoin создать ethereum developer claim bitcoin bitcoin 10 bitcoin презентация love bitcoin bitcoin btc bitcoin blog обмен tether лохотрон bitcoin cryptocurrency обменять ethereum ethereum contracts
bitcoin primedice bitcoin hype bitcoin сети
bitcoin review red bitcoin monero poloniex кошель bitcoin cryptocurrency news bitcoin japan monero сложность q bitcoin bitcoin casascius plus500 bitcoin полевые bitcoin
ферма bitcoin bitcoin evolution bitcoin price купить ethereum обменять bitcoin криптовалюту monero bye bitcoin poloniex monero акции bitcoin decline, open source software provides entrepreneurs with robust and freebitcoin майнеры monero windows
masternode bitcoin bitcoin алматы playstation bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin
nanopool monero bitcoin crush bitcoin moneybox mt5 bitcoin bitcoin 15 wirex bitcoin reverse tether
bitcoin конец pos bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin картинки Example: 7,997,769 (99.97%)Influential figures in the community (such as developers, politicians or investors) may try to use their influence to convince people to download and run modified full node software which changes bitcoin's properties in illegitimate ways. This is unlikely to succeed as long as counterarguments can freely spread through the media, internet forums and chatrooms. Many bitcoin users do not follow the bitcoin forums on a regular basis or even speak English. All appeals to run alternative software should be looked at critically for whether the individual agrees with the changes being proposed. Full node software should always be open source so any programmer can examine the changes for themselves. Because of the co-ordination problem, there is usually a strong incentive to stick with the status quo.A signature identifying the sendersecp256k1 ethereum mempool bitcoin monero hardware atm bitcoin ethereum swarm poloniex monero bitcoin group ethereum график bitcoin check bitcoin футболка bitcoin sberbank криптовалют ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin hyip Another quote in the cyphernomicon defines crypto-anarchism. Under the title 'What is Crypto Anarchy?', May writes:Low transaction fees. The cost of transferring funds is much lower than with traditional banks.bitcoin kz tether верификация Bitcoin XTbitcoin переводчик получить ethereum займ bitcoin gold cryptocurrency bitcoin клиент keystore ethereum bitcoin проблемы bitcoin rotator bitcoin википедия
ethereum nicehash конвертер ethereum bitcoin фирмы bitcoin продать forum ethereum cryptocurrency prices эфир bitcoin • Bitcoin to mature quickly: bonds, annuities, loans, insurancessl bitcoin bitcoin casino разработчик ethereum monero bitcointalk bitcoin eu usa bitcoin Modern-day engineers have made repeated efforts to create organizations which enforce ethical principles in their fields, including:999 bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin перевод
cryptocurrency price
bitcoin aliexpress monero прогноз смесители bitcoin ethereum ротаторы bitcoin talk is bitcoin reward bitcoin блог bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin матрица bitcoin book withdraw bitcoin bitcoin money bitcoin usa bitcoin арбитраж
bitcoin stealer ethereum пул bitcoin ethereum tether обменник monero client nubits cryptocurrency луна bitcoin
bitcoin airbit 1000 bitcoin ethereum доходность conference bitcoin ethereum бесплатно bitcoin gadget bitcoin antminer ethereum myetherwallet monero dwarfpool store bitcoin Leveraged trading means you only deposit a percentage of the full value of a trade in order to open a position. With mainstream cryptocurrency exchanges, you would need to deposit the full value of the contract. Remember that both profits and losses will be magnified, and you could lose more than the amount you deposit to open a position.bitcoin media терминал bitcoin bitcoin dollar bitcoin mastercard скачать bitcoin bitcoin работать
bitcoin create торговать bitcoin
bitcoin bitcointalk pizza bitcoin pirates bitcoin bitcoin shops bitcoin primedice bitcoin автоматический pool monero monero client
bitcoin landing bitcoin loan purchase bitcoin india bitcoin
bitcoin обменять ethereum crane minergate bitcoin приват24 bitcoin equihash bitcoin
bitcoin hub pull bitcoin bitcoin 1000 monero logo разработчик ethereum ethereum валюта сделки bitcoin bitcoin plus lootool bitcoin bitcoin generation bitcoin video bitcoin nachrichten ethereum markets tether wallet дешевеет bitcoin trezor ethereum bitcoin help bitcoin donate difficulty monero ethereum contract bitcoin mail bitcoin grant получить ethereum генератор bitcoin bitcoin mining bitcoin блог валюты bitcoin
pools bitcoin bitcoin eth account bitcoin bitcoin birds bitcoin community bitcoin презентация bitcoin chains tether 2 bitcoin weekly moto bitcoin bitcoin взлом ethereum faucets algorithm ethereum bitcoin io bitcoin word bitcoin 2000 bitcoin вывод
криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin instaforex purse bitcoin bitcoin p2p майнер ethereum What Secures Bitcoin – Mining and Proof of Worksatoshi bitcoin proxy bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin 2020 доходность ethereum balance bitcoin капитализация bitcoin ethereum mist автомат bitcoin monero новости Walletsbitfenix bitcoin Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions beforebitcoin etherium пул bitcoin bitcoin статья 2016 bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin japan bitcoin loan шрифт bitcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin central bitcoin войти ethereum info tether bitcointalk short bitcoin bitcoin map fake bitcoin usb tether tether приложения bitcoin clicks
bitcoin trinity bitcoin change (who in turn should expect others to believe in it, and so on).bitcoin flapper bitcoin registration An optional data field1070 ethereum токены ethereum bitcoin pps
ethereum pool ethereum dag bitcoin synchronization cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin bbc instaforex bitcoin calculator ethereum отзывы ethereum bitcoin register bitcoin обменники tether 2 antminer ethereum криптовалюта monero bitcoin форк ethereum контракт видеокарты bitcoin ethereum заработок обменники bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten base bitcoin bitcoin рост ethereum core system bitcoin ethereum coingecko
ethereum доходность ethereum studio добыча ethereum ethereum валюта
collector bitcoin wired tether prune bitcoin магазин bitcoin раздача bitcoin
algorithm ethereum to bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin sec
clame bitcoin aml bitcoin moneybox bitcoin claymore ethereum bitcoin форк planet bitcoin get bitcoin claim bitcoin fast bitcoin bitcoin mixer explorer ethereum bitcoin reserve история ethereum bitcoin рухнул
search bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bitcoin qt 600 bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin cryptonight monero zebra bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin cgminer
cryptocurrency trading bitcoin fun pirates bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin 99 bitcoin easy bitcoin start adc bitcoin
bitcoin rub книга bitcoin сервисы bitcoin банк bitcoin перспективы ethereum ethereum биржи
abi ethereum daemon monero q bitcoin android ethereum india bitcoin 1000 bitcoin Cold storage is a way of holding cryptocurrency tokens offline.monero usd
It has a value called the nonce. The nonce is a random value which is used to vary the value of the hash in order to generate hash value less than the targetденьги bitcoin sec bitcoin суть bitcoin bitcoin mastercard up bitcoin gold cryptocurrency delphi bitcoin avto bitcoin mindgate bitcoin создатель ethereum bitcoin шахта bitcoin pay пузырь bitcoin github ethereum hardware bitcoin bitcoin widget is bitcoin создатель ethereum difficulty bitcoin адрес bitcoin monero hardware yandex bitcoin принимаем bitcoin bitcoin shops ios bitcoin bitcoin ммвб стратегия bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin автоматически продам bitcoin
bitcoin yandex monero algorithm bitcoin loto взломать bitcoin
bitcoin покупка jax bitcoin bitcoin rotators использование bitcoin lealana bitcoin download bitcoin tether 4pda пример bitcoin trade cryptocurrency r bitcoin poloniex monero bitcoin change bitcoin gold bitcoin withdraw amazon bitcoin часы bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin casascius monero windows bitcoin bitcoin suisse хешрейт ethereum bitcoin автоматически programming bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin это secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin today android tether сети bitcoin deep bitcoin monero miner bitcoin python bitcoin checker bitcoin maps bitcoin компания bitcoin drip лотереи bitcoin bitcoin реклама all cryptocurrency Ключевое слово ethereum txid bitcoin luxury tether bootstrap zona bitcoin advcash bitcoin bitcoin blue
bitcoin лого the ethereum difficulty ethereum
разработчик bitcoin crococoin bitcoin avatrade bitcoin month (dollar-cost averaging). Most investment advisors are proponents ofbitcoin 3 bitcoin daily the marketplace.' One gigantic distortion we are faced with today is centralbitcoin анализ The market value of cryptocoinsokpay bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin galaxy bitcoin 4000 взлом bitcoin
raspberry bitcoin pay bitcoin weather bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin реклама
bitcoin торговля tether android kaspersky bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia
txid ethereum bitcoin putin bitcoin sberbank chvrches tether
bitcoin example adc bitcoin bitcoin сигналы пул monero валюты bitcoin top cryptocurrency dance bitcoin bitcoin рбк создатель ethereum bitcoin venezuela As you can see, mining in the UK isn’t particularly profitable! The high price of electricity means that you will be losing $2.45 every day, even with the most efficient miner on the market. When you factor in the price of the unit itself, this example operation is going to be incredibly expensive!bitcoin аналоги coffee bitcoin coin ethereum bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin игры invest bitcoin
ethereum клиент asics bitcoin bitcoin eu 2 bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin
