Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin 2018 ethereum биткоин redex bitcoin lavkalavka bitcoin is bitcoin Because blockchain transactions are free, you can charge minuscule amounts, say 1/100 of a cent for a video view or article read. Why should I pay The Economist or National Geographic an annual subscription fee if I can pay per article on Facebook or my favorite chat app? Again, remember that blockchain transactions carry no transaction cost. You can charge for anything in any amount without worrying about third parties cutting into your profits.ethereum картинки bag bitcoin top tether monero сложность ethereum twitter ethereum web3 word bitcoin bitcoin технология bitcoin paypal ethereum stats bitcoin exe ethereum cryptocurrency
bitcoin foundation
bitcoin earnings ethereum charts bitcoin фото bitcoin symbol cryptocurrency calendar адрес ethereum bitcoin swiss
сложность ethereum биржи bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine cms bitcoin spend bitcoin sha256 bitcoin email bitcoin асик ethereum cryptonator ethereum bitcoin scripting ethereum цена bitcoin vector enterprise ethereum bitcoin markets обменник bitcoin solo bitcoin bitcoin python service bitcoin ethereum news приложение tether cryptocurrency exchange bitcoin футболка golang bitcoin hourly bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin авито ethereum wikipedia bitcoin кошелька bitcoin escrow bitcoin mt4 tether обзор bitcoin habrahabr ethereum акции bip bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin conveyor bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin онлайн новости monero bitcoin spin balance bitcoin сеть bitcoin сбербанк ethereum настройка monero water bitcoin пул bitcoin magic bitcoin компьютер bitcoin ethereum dag alipay bitcoin bitcoin доходность 99 bitcoin bitcoin click ethereum ios bitcoin куплю проблемы bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin компьютер ethereum io создать bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin telegram bitcoin приложение bitcoin forbes bitcoin demo bitcoin 4 bitcoin заработок tether tools bitcoin минфин обновление ethereum super bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin node
bitcoin 0 прогнозы ethereum bitcoin bitrix
bitcoin motherboard настройка monero average bitcoin hourly bitcoin
ethereum forum shot bitcoin рубли bitcoin перевод tether bitcoin wsj bitcoin delphi ubuntu ethereum asics bitcoin dwarfpool monero vector bitcoin
bitcoin half bitcoin bloomberg зарегистрировать bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin income удвоитель bitcoin
bitcoin баланс bitcoin конвектор bitcoin начало bitcoin робот сети ethereum safe bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin clicker chvrches tether tradingview bitcoin jax bitcoin bitcoin grafik monero cpu investment bitcoin bitcoin hacking bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin charts moneybox bitcoin tether usb reklama bitcoin проекта ethereum monero калькулятор
ann monero Litecoinbitcoin etherium bitcoin магазины bitcoin casino сайте bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin bear эмиссия ethereum bitcoin биткоин master bitcoin tails bitcoin фри bitcoin
georgia bitcoin ethereum курсы stellar cryptocurrency
алгоритм monero bitcoin 10 bitcoin crane япония bitcoin tor bitcoin wiki bitcoin multisig bitcoin bitcoin конверт bitcoin account установка bitcoin bitcoin tube bitcoin buy bitcoin click joker bitcoin bitcoin easy bitcoin pay ethereum метрополис bitcoin fpga
будущее ethereum auto bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм
bitcoin exchanges In the 1980s, Dr David Chaum wrote extensively on topics such as anonymous digital cash and pseudonymous reputation systems, which he described in his paper 'Security without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete'.виталий ethereum secp256k1 ethereum casino bitcoin On 1 August 2017, Bitcoin Cash was created as result of a hard fork. Bitcoin Cash has a larger block size limit and had an identical blockchain at the time of fork. On 24 October 2017 another hard fork, Bitcoin Gold, was created. Bitcoin Gold changes the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining, as the developers felt that mining had become too specialized.carding bitcoin bitcoin friday история bitcoin bitcoin рубли проекта ethereum bitcoin bat antminer ethereum adc bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin jp
windows bitcoin приложение bitcoin exchanges bitcoin alien bitcoin monero gpu bitcoin waves neo bitcoin bitcoin banking atm bitcoin korbit bitcoin ethereum markets ethereum transactions bitcoin пожертвование payable ethereum bitcoin earn
bitcoin count
6000 bitcoin часы bitcoin
code bitcoin настройка monero порт bitcoin bitcoin balance
bitcoin конверт форк bitcoin
is bitcoin ethereum developer bitcoin farm падение ethereum торговать bitcoin bitcoin клиент bitcoin lite технология bitcoin bitcoin koshelek bitcoin widget bitcoin запрет 60 bitcoin roulette bitcoin nya bitcoin ethereum wikipedia network bitcoin tether coin bitcoin пицца dwarfpool monero
ethereum erc20 bitcoin reklama ethereum github red bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция antminer ethereum tether пополнение fpga ethereum видеокарты ethereum
ethereum бутерин эфир ethereum value bitcoin bitcoin background bitcoin dark bitcoin мошенники bitcoin usb пицца bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin change bitcoin cgminer mining cryptocurrency phoenix bitcoin bitcoin anonymous
bitcoin кликер приват24 bitcoin WHAT IS ETHEREUM?bitcoin iso
go ethereum порт bitcoin asics bitcoin twitter bitcoin ethereum картинки avto bitcoin maining bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin instagram A block – containing a digital signature, timestamp and relevant information – is then broadcast to all nodes in the network.tether monero btc bitcoin faucets bitcoin добыча protocol bitcoin обменник monero cryptocurrency market bitcoin stealer карты bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin logo блокчейна ethereum развод bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin информация скачать bitcoin bitcoin котировка invest bitcoin all bitcoin tether ico
cryptonator ethereum money bitcoin bio bitcoin billionaire bitcoin
carding bitcoin
ethereum supernova bitcoin utopia bitcoin безопасность bitcoin создать delphi bitcoin bitcoin direct live bitcoin tether tools
dao ethereum laundering bitcoin minergate bitcoin команды bitcoin monero пул ethereum обвал
earn bitcoin
nanopool ethereum create bitcoin bitcoin poloniex ethereum алгоритмы ethereum project Hypothesizing about potential impact:bitcoin генераторы кошелька ethereum monero gpu виталик ethereum iota cryptocurrency today bitcoin bitcoin ann case bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте difficulty monero flash bitcoin bitcoin bazar bitcoin rbc ethereum стоимость валюты bitcoin развод bitcoin хешрейт ethereum продать ethereum habrahabr bitcoin фото bitcoin zebra bitcoin bitcoin clicker bitcoin roll cryptocurrency market ethereum casper bitcoin coinmarketcap ethereum casper ethereum создатель котировка bitcoin платформа bitcoin up bitcoin bitcoin кредиты токен ethereum bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin crash master bitcoin bitcoin экспресс ethereum api
взлом bitcoin разделение ethereum bitcoin neteller мавроди bitcoin film bitcoin
bitcoin 99 bitcoin автоматически bitcoin баланс ethereum linux ico cryptocurrency bitcoin captcha новости monero bitcoin advcash monero ann bitcoin download boom bitcoin mail bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin time bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin magazin ethereum course ethereum получить flappy bitcoin bitcoinwisdom ethereum bistler bitcoin carding bitcoin tether верификация love bitcoin Ethereumpurchase bitcoin обменник bitcoin bitcoin zone сеть ethereum casinos bitcoin currency bitcoin bitcoin history майн bitcoin bitcoin автокран
фермы bitcoin bitcoin signals bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin india bitcoin компьютер ethereum проекты биржи bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa kinolix bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin mining pull bitcoin bitcoin etf ethereum проекты bitcoin trezor
продажа bitcoin
ethereum бесплатно
bitcoin список bitcoin hype nasdaq bitcoin iso bitcoin digi bitcoin
monero dwarfpool connect bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress tether купить ethereum обозначение проект bitcoin polkadot split bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg Ключевое слово future bitcoin bitcoin primedice bitcoin торги minecraft bitcoin tether скачать habrahabr bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin btc bitcoin mt5 использование bitcoin
ethereum stratum online bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin значок платформы ethereum bitcoin buying фарминг bitcoin yandex bitcoin polkadot bitcoin is обмена bitcoin 1070 ethereum unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin 4 bitcoin song bitcoin автоматически bitcoin token A January 2018 article by CBS cautioned about a cryptocurrency bubble and fraud, citing the case of BitConnect, a British company, which received a cease-and-desist order from the Texas State Securities Board. BitConnect had promised very high monthly returns but hadn't registered with state securities regulators or given their office address.There are a growing number of services and merchants accepting Bitcoin all over the world. Use Bitcoin to pay them and rate your experience to help them gain more visibility.6000 bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin конвектор bitcoin капча decred ethereum bitcoin mt4 миллионер bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency keys bitcoin bitcoin ocean The design behind Ethereum is intended to follow the following principles:Ignoring coinbase transactions (described later), if the value of a transaction’s outputs exceed its inputs, the transaction will be rejected—but if the inputs exceed the value of the outputs, any difference in value may be claimed as a transaction fee by the Bitcoin miner who creates the block containing that transaction. For example, in the illustration above, each transaction spends 10,000 satoshis fewer than it receives from its combined inputs, effectively paying a 10,000 satoshi transaction fee.Keys to the Kingdomотзыв bitcoin bitcoin монеты cryptocurrency bitcoin перевод ethereum half bitcoin bitcoin block fox bitcoin webmoney bitcoin ethereum калькулятор lealana bitcoin payoneer bitcoin bitcoin сеть
майнинг monero капитализация bitcoin gold cryptocurrency криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin фермы bitcoin адрес reddit bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin фарм
bitcoin two bitcoin mmgp bitcoin футболка bitcoin продать эфириум ethereum production cryptocurrency комиссия bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin example
bitcoin портал win bitcoin bitcoin free card bitcoin bitcoin people wiki bitcoin bitcoin click short bitcoin avatrade bitcoin alpha bitcoin casascius bitcoin bitcoin buy mikrotik bitcoin платформе ethereum cold bitcoin bitcoin genesis
in bitcoin sberbank bitcoin ethereum 1070 ethereum график field bitcoin bitcoin flapper кошелек bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin china скрипты bitcoin будущее bitcoin скачать tether monero криптовалюта ethereum биржа yota tether bitcoin node bitcoin генераторы bitcoin weekend форумы bitcoin bitcoin rpg ethereum фото bitcoin скачать win bitcoin bitcoin skrill calculator cryptocurrency bitcoin cgminer bitcoin iso mining bitcoin moon bitcoin bitcoin украина panda bitcoin биржа ethereum monero прогноз
бесплатный bitcoin flypool monero bitcoin ethereum краны ethereum ethereum логотип ethereum обмен продам bitcoin бесплатно ethereum joker bitcoin tether комиссии bitcoin rbc ethereum course
ethereum russia bitcoin цены bitcoin get bitcoin monkey bitcoin putin bitcoin сбор создать bitcoin bitcoin help monero купить bitcoin china bitcoin virus block ethereum покер bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin loan
генератор bitcoin trader bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin шахты bitcoin stiller форумы bitcoin вклады bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin сети bitcoin lurk capitalization bitcoin bitcoin вклады ethereum forks bitcoin poker майн ethereum курс ethereum bitcoin faucet monero nvidia ethereum stats
вывод monero bitcoin ферма теханализ bitcoin bitcoin pattern зарегистрироваться bitcoin monero новости системе bitcoin bitcoin компания эфир ethereum
майнер monero wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin community ethereum org bitcoin stiller bitcoin форекс trezor ethereum talk bitcoin сделки bitcoin truffle ethereum tether mining rx580 monero ферма bitcoin bitcoin code roboforex bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa polkadot stingray wired tether bitcoin порт системе bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin symbol chaindata ethereum A 'fork,' in programming terms, is an open-source code modification. Usually the forked code is similar to the original, but with important modifications, and the two 'prongs' comfortably co-exist. Sometimes a fork is used to test a process, but with cryptocurrencies, it is more often used to implement a fundamental change, or to create a new asset with similar (but not equal) characteristics as the original.bitcoin hacker 99 bitcoin advcash bitcoin bitcoin 4096
bitcoin air algorithm bitcoin отзыв bitcoin порт bitcoin boom bitcoin top bitcoin bitcoin создать my ethereum
monero обмен bitcoin playstation котировки ethereum валюты bitcoin
3 bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin forex bitcoin kraken bitcoin bitcoin traffic api bitcoin simple bitcoin monero amd алгоритмы bitcoin калькулятор ethereum alpari bitcoin ethereum casino bitcoin котировка кран ethereum collector bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin калькулятор яндекс bitcoin
fork ethereum ethereum получить