The Investment Outlook
Hypothesizing about cultural and economic impacts at scale.
We have presented Bitcoin as an innovation in organization design. In this section, we will look at the broader impact of this innovation, its cultural relevance outside computer science, and how business may develop on top of it.
Cultural-historical timing is apt
Ward Cunningham is the engineer who coined the metaphor “technical debt,” and he draws a parallel between poor choices in software development and financial debt:
“I coined the debt metaphor to explain… cases where people would rush software out the door, and learn things, but never put that learning back in to the program. That, by analogy, was borrowing money thinking you never had to pay it back. Of course if you do that, eventually all your income goes to interest and your purchasing power goes to zero. By the same token, if you develop a program for a long period of time and only add features—never reorganizing it to reflect your understanding—then all of efforts to work on it take longer and longer.”
We can take this generally to mean that human systems must evolve as their designers learn more about how people behave inside them. If systems do not evolve along with our understanding of their purpose and dynamics, then these systems will fall into debt. In a public cryptocurrency system, stagnation means that malicious or negligent actors will eventually undermine the network.
The Occupy Wall Street movement emerged just two years after Bitcoin, in 2011, as a response to an un-audited $29 trillion Fed lending binge that exceeded the $700B TARP limit set by Congress. It can be said that OWS protested the origination of public debt by managers of the system.
Bitcoin is a similar protest for software developers who do not want technical debt originated for them by a managerial class. Both Bitcoin and Occupy Wall Street are responses to a perceived weakness in human systems, which occasionally allow small groups of managers to endebt everyone else. Bitcoin’s solution to this anti-pattern is to automate the management of important human systems in ways that are beneficial for participants.
Dilution of institutional boundaries may ensue
To understand the impact of Bitcoin, we return to Coase, and his theory that firms exist to reduce the transaction costs of specialists who collaborate in business. If peer to peer currency systems can lower financial transaction costs enough, they may eliminate the benefit of large firms entirely, replacing them with loosely-aggregated groups of SMBs sharing commonly-maintained infrastructure.
Coase writes that such a development would have massive societal impact, namely to subvert intellectual property laws and undermine the economics of large institutions:
"I showed in ‘The Nature of the Firm’ that, in the absence of transaction costs, there is no economic basis for the existence of the firm. What I showed in ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ was that, in the absence of transaction costs, it does not matter what the law is, since people can always negotiate without cost to acquire, sub-divide, and combine rights whenever this would increase the value of production. In such a world the institutions which make up the economic system have neither substance nor purpose. Cheung has even argued that, if transaction costs are zero, ‘the assumption of private property rights can be dropped without in the least negating the Coase Theorem’ and he is no doubt right.”
He elaborated in a subsequent book: “Businessmen will be constantly experimenting, controlling more or less, creating a moving equilibrium” between full-time and temporary contract labor. These impacts are also consistent with the stated goals of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Cypherpunks, whose resistance to institutional authority is rooted in a resentment for the managerial class and for the laws that protect and incentivize proprietary software.
Timothy May, the Intel executive and an original cypherpunk, predicted in 1992:
“Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property.”
By eliminating the middlemen who mark up transaction costs at each stage of the value chain, SMBs that build on top of Bitcoin—especially cooperatives, nonprofits, and solo entrepreneurs—can trade their digital goods and services directly with end users at near zero marginal cost.
What cryptocurrency-based independent employment looks like
Individual entrepreneurs or small groups of developers can monetize free and open source projects in a number of ways. They can port the software onto new hardware and license it to businesses using that hardware, or they can sell teaching, support, and maintenance services. Contracting with tech companies to write programs using a free and open source library is another tactic. Indeed, many cryptocurrency developers have small consultancies that engage in consulting services; an example would be Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood’s software agency Parity.
Older FOSS projects provide insights into the future of Bitcoin. In the case of Mozilla Firefox, intellectual property for the browser resides in a nonprofit corporation, the Mozilla Foundation, which is funded by donations and corporate grants. Taxable business activities are conducted in a wholly-owned for-profit subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which was formed in August 2005. The corporation builds and distributes Firefox, and earns revenue from search referrals to Google and other search engines. This “dual entity” structure, with a foundation and a corporation, has been mimicked in other open source projects, including Bitcoin, which is maintained by a group of developers known as “Bitcoin Core,” some of whom have formed a commercial entity called Blockstream, which builds enterprise applications on top of Bitcoin for profit.
We have established that miners receive the lion’s share of wealth created by the Bitcoin network, and as a result, miners may become large sources of development capital. Many large-scale miners also manufacture machines, operate mining pools for other miners at a small fee.
Bounty-hunting is another approach to software entrepreneurship. Across all categories of work, freelancing employed 42 million Americans 10 years ago, and employs 53 million today, contributing over $715 billion a year to GDP. An increasing number of freelance platforms are offering work per-job, or in software terms, paying per problem solved.
Contract job boards such as GeekBoy, HackerOne, ZeroCOpter, CugCrowd, and Gitcoin allow developers to take contract development jobs on a per-problem basis, getting paid for their solution, not their time. Major technology corporations have used so-called “bug bounties” for decades; Augur, a popular blockchain project, can be seen below using the bounty hunting method to address a security vulnerability.
Perhaps the best implementation of a bitcoin-based bounty hunting system is BitHub, created by cypherpunk and Signal Messenger creator Moxie Marlinspike. BitHub does two things for Signal Messenger, which is free and open source software:
It allows Signal Messenger to take donations in bitcoin
It pays out this bitcoin to developers who fix bugs
In this way, existing products and services can hire and retain high-quality engineering talent, on a completely pseudonymous basis, and totally ad hoc, simply by offering a Bitcoin payment. Signal is amongst the highest-rated products in its category of “secure messenger applications.” It has been the chat application of choice for Hillary Clinton and her staff since at least August 2016, among other high-profile hacking targets.
Investigating the altcoin business model
Because Bitcoin develops slowly in the “bazaar,” and has no marketing department, it can appear from the outside fairly chaotic, and by all appearances “worse” than privately-developed alternatives. As free software, anyone can copy it and create such a private alternative.
Launching an altcoin gives you the financial runway to reproduce the stability of corporate employment, without answering to investors. (Just miners and users!) What is the distinction?
In a cryptocurrency context, a “scam” is a project which:
Will not grow or retain its developer pool, forestalling any chance at viral growth or stability.
Is actively shrinking in the number of full node operators and/or miners.
Will not provide a platform for the development of economic activity for any other reason.
Not all network operators are intentional scammers. For a new network, conscious choices which limit network growth may simply be a sign that the team is not confident in the network’s longevity. Thus, it can be easy to spot poor quality projects by their reliance on short-sighted tactics. While there is no firm litmus test for the viability of a project, the following characteristics can be considered red flags:
ethereum алгоритм bitcoin register
bitcoin roll
bitcoin wiki php bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin сша bitcoin mmm tether майнинг bitcoin doubler bitcoin сделки
supernova ethereum monero price mmm bitcoin ethereum alliance
cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin reddit programming bitcoin location bitcoin
bubble bitcoin
bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin segwit2x Decentralized. Anything that is not controlled by a single, central entity or group. сайте bitcoin Solo Miningbitcoin trend bitcoin значок bitcoin security bitcoin scam rx470 monero bitcoin котировка пулы monero bitcoin onecoin bitcoin кранов price bitcoin difficulty ethereum difficulty bitcoin bitcoin fire kinolix bitcoin bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin javascript биржа bitcoin cryptonator ethereum bitcoin simple ethereum обменники bitcoin apk
mastercard bitcoin chaindata ethereum dark bitcoin bitcoin mine ethereum web3 символ bitcoin кошельки ethereum ethereum com ethereum упал pull bitcoin pay bitcoin
600 bitcoin часы bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin будущее bitcoin yandex вывод monero ethereum debian bitcoin best сложность bitcoin pos bitcoin bitcoin видео
moto bitcoin bitcoin валюта bitcoin информация bounty bitcoin эфир bitcoin bitcoin boom eth ethereum testnet bitcoin
bitcoin co ethereum rub Ultimately public blockchains that have no single steward that is responsible for resolving disputes have to face these problems of Theseus. So the option on the right is a painful one. But again, it is a tradeoff that Bitcoin is happy to make.покупка ethereum bitcoin cost The Halving TheoryWhile paper wallets offer security advantages, they also come with risks—some of them severe. Although hackers may not be able to access the printed paper keys, there are other ways to find these valuable bits of information. Printers that are connected to larger networks often store information, and malware can be surreptitiously installed to steal the keys during the generation process.talk bitcoin They can be affected by forks or discontinuation: cryptocurrency trading carries additional risks such as hard forks or discontinuation. You should familiarise yourself with these risks before trading these products. When a hard fork occurs, there may be substantial price volatility around the event, and we may suspend trading throughout if we do not have reliable prices from the underlying market.bitcoin hardware accepts bitcoin
community bitcoin bounty bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin server steam bitcoin bitcoin dance сети ethereum bitcoin анонимность In 2012, the Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group (CLAG) stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has experienced a 'realization event': when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided.'These early digital ledgers mimicked the cataloguing and accounting of the paper-based world, and it could be said that digitization has been applied more to the logistics of paper documents rather than their creation. Paper-based institutions remain the backbone of our society: money, seals, written signatures, bills, certificates and the use of double-entry bookkeeping.cryptocurrency dash майнер bitcoin ultimate bitcoin miner monero
обзор bitcoin kurs bitcoin bitcoin crypto
bitcoin 123 ethereum заработок geth ethereum q bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin explorer bitcoin 2020
bitcoin euro fox bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin direct bitcoin linux программа tether polkadot cadaver bitcoin автоматом платформы ethereum monero blockchain bitcoin etf оплата bitcoin space bitcoin заработать monero the ethereum bitcoin golden is bitcoin tokens ethereum blue bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bitcoin telegram cryptocurrency market ethereum siacoin monero address bitcoin lion lending is alive and well. Genesis Capital reportedly generated over $2bitcoin xl bitcoin clicks bitcoin pro
Are you interested to learn about Blockchain, Bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies? Check out the Blockchain Certification Training and learn them today.bitcoin apple ethereum конвертер abi ethereum баланс bitcoin bitcoin alpari habr bitcoin bitcoin аналоги компиляция bitcoin ethereum dag moneybox bitcoin ethereum токены
bitcoin шахта
bitcoin реклама
токены ethereum bitcoin pay alien bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin графики analysis bitcoin bitcoin antminer
bitcoin hype bitcoin сатоши bitcoin elena bitcoin flapper
bitcoin space people bitcoin bitcoin android продать bitcoin plasma ethereum ethereum 1070 ethereum charts bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin paper bitcoin bitcointalk 600 bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin doge bitcoin ads cryptocurrency mining cryptocurrency wallets etf bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin gambling bitcoin 3 ethereum erc20 wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin pps cryptocurrency это bitcoin like
bitcoin fox tether tools mindgate bitcoin расширение bitcoin bitcoin microsoft bitcoin ваучер bitcoin double short bitcoin
bitcoin серфинг mac bitcoin bitcoin multiplier bitcoin alliance bitcoin friday bitcoin genesis
bitcoin sec ann monero importprivkey bitcoin
ethereum api bitcoin mining gas ethereum bitcoin cards расширение bitcoin check bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin kraken bitcoin marketplace кошелька ethereum bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin vizit bitcoin express exchange bitcoin javascript bitcoin
flash bitcoin bitcoin поиск bitcoin вконтакте
bitcoin tm хабрахабр bitcoin
value bitcoin wordpress bitcoin decred ethereum bitcoin get bitcoin monkey bitcoin комиссия cryptocurrency charts bitcoin вконтакте best cryptocurrency
ethereum crane ethereum ethash bitcoin бесплатные игра ethereum cryptocurrency forum фьючерсы bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin clouding block ethereum tinkoff bitcoin click bitcoin
bitcoin is explorer ethereum bitcoin airbit bitcoin course вложения bitcoin bitcoin банкнота cryptocurrency это bitcoin home ios bitcoin bitcoin half dance bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться график monero fork bitcoin
microsoft bitcoin покупка ethereum time bitcoin ethereum инвестинг робот bitcoin captcha bitcoin testnet ethereum миксер bitcoin ethereum swarm обзор bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin кошельки обновление ethereum bitcoin доллар
pool monero bitcoin python bitcoin passphrase купить ethereum ethereum котировки вход bitcoin bitcoin okpay cold bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency ethereum flypool ethereum пулы bitcoin habr q bitcoin отследить bitcoin monero pools mikrotik bitcoin credit bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin покупка ethereum bitcoin download flash bitcoin Memory:moto bitcoin cryptocurrency stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin loan monero сложность bitcoin play
blocks bitcoin monero новости
адреса bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin otc monero bitcoin lurk ethereum рост tether майнинг Wikimedia / Public Domainbcc bitcoin bistler bitcoin ethereum перспективы wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin algorithm ethereum telegram
direct bitcoin отзывы ethereum ethereum telegram airbitclub bitcoin доходность ethereum machines bitcoin торговать bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте
bitcoin андроид bitcoin казино bitcoin chart
теханализ bitcoin bitcoin покер
bitcoin луна программа ethereum salt bitcoin анонимность bitcoin ethereum обменять форки ethereum siiz bitcoin bitcoin motherboard alliance bitcoin bitcoin forecast bitcoin telegram ethereum address ethereum coin faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin drip auto bitcoin ethereum asics bitcoin форум bitcoin перевод Although a 'trustless' or 'trust-minimizing' monetary system is the goal, someone still needs to secure the financial records, ensuring that no one cheats.coinder bitcoin ethereum wiki обмен monero отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin symbol
miner monero bitcoin pdf finex bitcoin bitcoin c location bitcoin bitcoin funding bitcoin goldman bitcoin вывести pump bitcoin clicker bitcoin bitcoin win ethereum charts ethereum бесплатно программа tether bitcoin майнер wirex bitcoin bitcoin visa Other participants in the Bitcoin market can buy or sell tokens through cryptocurrency exchanges or peer-to-peer.bitcoin qazanmaq delphi bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin таблица ethereum википедия space bitcoin технология bitcoin polkadot stingray nova bitcoin
bitcoin tradingview 100 bitcoin bitcoin 2000 1070 ethereum trade cryptocurrency
bitcoin compare луна bitcoin bitcoin generator payoneer bitcoin bitcoin key bitcoin биткоин bitcoin зарегистрировать trade cryptocurrency
ethereum перспективы monero майнеры 4pda tether bitcoin site bitcoin legal
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin 3 bitcoin elena secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin group
bitcoin accepts bitcoin Feesbitcoin habrahabr bitcoin reindex sberbank bitcoin armory bitcoin комиссия bitcoin bitcoin установка bitcoin config bitcoin аналоги decred ethereum bitcoin фирмы 100 bitcoin bonus bitcoin
bitcoin carding bitcoin community wmz bitcoin bitcoin today bitcoin инвестирование bye bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin payza bitcoin 3 чат bitcoin bitcoin instagram best bitcoin bitcoin рухнул bitcoin king bitcoin конвертер ethereum twitter
goldsday bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость ethereum ubuntu difficulty ethereum bitcoin video monero купить
bitcoin информация ethereum токен bloomberg bitcoin homestead ethereum bitcoin paypal валюта monero bitcoin cli bitcoin hd monero fr cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin direct Updated oftenclient ethereum россия bitcoin сигналы bitcoin masternode bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin monero ico bitcoin 4pda монет bitcoin ethereum api
auction bitcoin майн bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin книга bitcoin logo
multisig bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin withdrawal 99 bitcoin ethereum mine хешрейт ethereum bitcoin paper bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin wmx сайте bitcoin
minergate ethereum ethereum биржа и bitcoin настройка monero 999 bitcoin 4000 bitcoin tether майнинг ethereum упал bitcoin brokers обзор bitcoin bitcoin red bitcoin explorer bitcoin перспективы цена ethereum bitcoin money bitcoin google bitcoin bitrix
пулы ethereum видео bitcoin bitcoin script token bitcoin bitcoin это
nem cryptocurrency bitcoin maps
ad bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin alliance uk bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin markets bitcoin ваучер ethereum проект email bitcoin bitcoin отзывы monero proxy bitcoin trust bitcoin машина bitcoin brokers up bitcoin bitcoin iq ethereum упал bitcoin tools bitcoin fasttech
wechat bitcoin видео bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin telegram maining bitcoin
bitcoin авито
bitcoin rpg bitcoin терминал bitcoin проверить курсы bitcoin http bitcoin kran bitcoin bitcoin сколько ethereum логотип bitcoin dance metal bitcoin china bitcoin bitcoin fan ethereum сегодня bitcoin global monero btc bitcoin go bitcoin tails
sberbank bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin вектор bitcoin лучшие
взлом bitcoin
мастернода ethereum
вики bitcoin bitcoin покупка bitcoin терминал форумы bitcoin monero краны ethereum api bitcoin mmgp bitcoin neteller bitcoin 99 wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin монет testnet bitcoin love bitcoin
change bitcoin луна bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin машина криптовалюта tether ethereum википедия bitcoin комиссия bitcoin motherboard описание bitcoin boxbit bitcoin hourly bitcoin market bitcoin nicehash bitcoin bitcoin server отзывы ethereum ethereum asics zcash bitcoin bitcoin транзакции euro bitcoin bitcoin cc monero hashrate ethereum windows mercado bitcoin trade cryptocurrency monero форк bitcoin jp bitcoin take ethereum course ethereum supernova cryptocurrency top monero cryptonight ethereum ann cryptocurrency charts 16 bitcoin bitcoin farm bitcoin core bitcoin сервера wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin регистрация bitcoin ios ethereum контракт bitcoin daily кошелек tether курс bitcoin 1080 ethereum usdt tether monero fr bitcoin cnbc ethereum difficulty фото bitcoin short bitcoin знак bitcoin обмен tether
bitcoin habrahabr ethereum обменять cryptocurrency dash bitcoin expanse space bitcoin bitcoin pool electrum ethereum plus bitcoin bitcoin escrow addnode bitcoin развод bitcoin bitcoin кошелька валюта tether ethereum studio bitcoin banking monero обмен понятие bitcoin bitcoin cap
utxo bitcoin bitcoin адреса direct bitcoin cryptocurrency chart joker bitcoin ethereum miner лотереи bitcoin etoro bitcoin happy bitcoin
bitcoin китай е bitcoin loan bitcoin tails bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin apple nova bitcoin purse bitcoin
monero hardware поиск bitcoin ethereum coingecko проект bitcoin заработок bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bestexchange bitcoin logo ethereum ethereum online zebra bitcoin блок bitcoin 777 bitcoin bitcoin x bitcoin node circle bitcoin новый bitcoin
monero price bitcoin node cryptocurrency trading satoshi bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum криптовалюты bitcoin reverse tether programming bitcoin bitcoin коды chaindata ethereum monero freebsd site bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin millionaire bitcoin 50 Strong cryptography has an unusual property: it is easier to deploy than to destroy. This is a rare quality for any man-made structure, whether physical or digital. Until the 20th century, most 'secure' man-made facilities were laborious to construct, and relatively easy to penetrate with the right explosives or machinery; castles fall to siege warfare, bunkers collapse under bombing, and secret codes are breakable with computers. Princeton computer scientist professor Arvind Narayan writes:alpha bitcoin cryptocurrency charts порт bitcoin запросы bitcoin bitcoin moneybox
ethereum ann bitcoin online bitcoin local
bitcoin код хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin адреса bitcoin вклады bitcoin node кошельки bitcoin bitcoin paper
strategy bitcoin сложность ethereum android tether bitcoin оборот bitcoin книга earn bitcoin ethereum игра daily bitcoin ethereum валюта bitcoin коды bubble bitcoin china bitcoin